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EC number: 231-166-4 | CAS number: 7440-58-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- no data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Well documented, scientifically sound study that is similar to OECD 413 "Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day study" guideline with the following deviations: (1) only 1 dose tested rather than 3; (2) exposure was for 60 days rather than 90 days; (3) complete list of tissues examined for histopathology was not provided; (4) limited clinical chemistry and urinalysis; (5) 4 cats, 4 dogs, 20 Guinea pigs, 19 rabbits and 72 rats (sex not provided) were exposed rather than 10 rodents per sex per dose.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Inhalation Toxicity of Zirconium Compounds: Short-Term Studies
- Author:
- Spiegl, C.J., M.C. Calkins, J.J. DeVoldre, J.K. Scott
- Year:
- 1 956
- Bibliographic source:
- Atomic Energy Commission Project, Rep. No. UR-460, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; pages 1-26
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- see rationale for reliability
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zirconium dioxide
- EC Number:
- 215-227-2
- EC Name:
- Zirconium dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 1314-23-4
- IUPAC Name:
- 1314-23-4
- Test material form:
- other: dust
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Zirconium oxide ZrO2
- Physical state: Dust
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): Al (0.001%), B (0.00002%), Ba (0.0002%), Ca (0.002%), Cr (0.0001%), Cu (0.0025%), Fe (0.0025%), Mg (0.0001%), Ni (0.0003%), Pb (0.0225%), Si (0.001%), Ti (0.006%), V (0.0004%)
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- other: cat, dog, guinea pig, rabbit, rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: dust
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: no data
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: Mass median particle diameter: 1.6 microns
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: copper-lined chamber constructed of wood with observation windows on three sides, 6 x 8 x 6 ft high and volume of 288 cubic feet.
- Method of conditioning air: A centrally located duct in the ceiling of the chamber served as the inlet for the test substance. Baffles below the inlet and two fans near the ceiling dispersed the test substance and distributed the test substance uniformly throughout the chamber. In the four bottom corners were outlets connected to an exhaust system. Air turnover during exposure was approximately 140 cfm or one change every two minutes with no recycling.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Wright dust feed.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 74 +/- 3 degrees F; 47% +/- 6%; few hundredths of an inch of water less than atmospheric pressure.
- Air flow rate: 140 cfm or one change every two minutes.
- Method of particle size determination: test substance was twice ground in a Mikropulverizer to a mean bulk particle size.
- Treatment of exhaust air: not recycled
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Hourly samples were taken with a filter paper sampler and weighed on an analytical balance, spectrographic analysis of each day's accumulation of filter paper samples was used to verify the weight-samples and to make such slight adjustments in concentration results as might occasionally arise from varying amounts of nuisance dust.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes, hourly
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Hourly samples were taken with a filter paper sampler and weighed on an analytical balance, spectrographic analysis of each day's accumulation of filter paper samples was used to verify the weight-samples and to make such slight adjustments in concentration results as might occasionally arise from varying amounts of nuisance dust.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 60 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 hours/day, 5 days/week
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
11 mg Zr/m3
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Cat- 4
Dog - 4
Guinea Pig - 20
Rabbit - 19
Rat - 72 - Control animals:
- other: yes, only control rabbits and rats were used
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: No data
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: No data
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: weekly
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 4 dogs
- Parameters: Red blood cell and differential white cell counts, as well as determinations of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular cell volume and clotting time
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: semi-monthly
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 4 dogs and 4 rabbits
- Parameters: Blood nonprotein nitrogen
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: semi-monthly
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 4 dogs and 4 rabbits
- Parameters: urinary protein
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No - Sacrifice and pathology:
- HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, lung, kidney, liver. Other tissues were evaluated, but a complete list of other tissues was not provided
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: One rabbit and one guinea pig died during exposure to the test substances; however, this matched the control group.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: Throughout the exposure periods the weekly weight responses were identical with those of normal animals.
HAEMATOLOGY: There were no reported hematological changes to the four dogs that were selected for this parameter during the exposure period.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No significant blood changes were found among the criteria studied. Blood fibrinogen levels also remained constant during exposure of animals to the test substance.
URINALYSIS: No significant urine changes were found among the cirteria studied.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC: There are no reported histological changes that could be attributed to the test substance. The abnormalities that were reported were similar for all species regardless of dose, duration of exposure or test substance inhaled.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- > 11
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects were reported in any of the animals studied
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Inhalation of 11 mg/m3 zirconium for 60 days produced no significant changes in animals in mortality rate, growth, biochemistry, hematology values or histopathology. The NOAEC was deemed to be greater than 11 mg Zr/m3.
- Executive summary:
In this 60 day repeated dose inhalation test, cat, dog, guinea pig, rabbit and rat were exposed to 11 mg Zr/m3 as dust in whole body. No significant changes in animals were observed in mortality rate, growth, biochemistry, hematology values or histopathology. The NOAEC was deemed to be greater than 11 mg Zr/m3.
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