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EC number: 215-150-4 | CAS number: 1306-38-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 30-OCT-2000 to 29-NOV-2000
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to the OECD internationally recognised guideline, but the GLP are not stated, and no analytics were performed.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: The substance practically insoluble in water was introduced in the test medium by weighed adequate quantity and was dispersed by stirring. The dissolution was continued during a period of 168 hours to be sure that the equilibrium was reached and "soluble fraction" stable during the test. After correction of evaporation by addition of deionised water, stirring was stopped and the different suspensions were decanted for a resting period of 4 hours.
- Controls: yes, test water without test item
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no - Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Zebrafish
- Source: Pisciculture Exotique - Dourdan, 91, France
- size/weight: 30.4 mm, 0.3 g;
- Method of breeding: The fish were bred in reconstituted water (ISO 7346) with continual aeration and filtering device
- Food: TetraMin Tetra during breeding (no feeding during the test);
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 2 weeks
- Acclimation conditions: same as test
- Health during acclimatation: mortality less than 1% within the adaptation period. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 250 ± 25 mg/L as CaCO3.
- Test temperature:
- 24 ± 1°C
- pH:
- 7.17 - 7.87
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 4.5 - 8.2 mg/L
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type : 5 litres glass beakers
- Fill volume: 4 L of reconstituted water
- Aeration: none during the test, but dilution water was previously saturated with oxygen before the start of the test
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
- Biomass loading rate: 0.76 g/L
WATER PARAMETERS
- Source: reconstituted water-ISO 7346
- Conductivity: < 5 µs/cm
- Intervals of water quality measurement : pH and dissolved oxygen were measured after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure
- No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: about 12 h light daily
- Light intensity: natural diffused lighting
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : Immobility and absence of respiration motion observed after 3, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- No mortality was observed during the test, either in control or test groups.
No abnormal response of the fish was observed during the test period. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- Mortality: no data
- 24h LC50: 226 mg/L (K2Cr2O7). This calculated value was between the interval (200-400 mg/L) formely defined by the method, and was used to validate the selected fish batch. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Using a limit test at 100 mg/L, cerium dioxide had no acute toxic effect on the fish Danio rerio.
- Executive summary:
The 96hr-acute toxicity of cerium dioxide to Brachydanio rerio was studied under static conditions according to OECD Guideline 203. Brachydanio rerio were exposed to control and test chemical at nominal concentration of 100 mg /L. Mortality/immobilization were observed daily. No mortality was observed during the test, neither in the control nor in the group exposed to the test item. The 96 hour LL50 and NOELR were thus > 100 mg/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- From JAN 2007 to 26 APR 2007
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to an american guideline, without reference to the application of GLP and without analytical monitoring of the test substance. However, the experimental details and results were well described.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002a. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. EPA-821-R-02-012. Office of Water, Washington D.C.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- none
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Test solution was prepared by combining Cerium oxide with moderately hard reconstituted lab water. Cerium oxide was insoluble, which resulted in highly turbid solution. As a result, in order to eliminate any toxic effects due to high suspended solids, the solids were allowed to settle before using the solution in the test. The stock solution was prepared and allowed to mix for 24 hours. After 24 hours of mixing, it was removed from the stir plate and the suspended solid was allowed to settle for an additional 24 hours. The stock solution (100 g/L) was then decanted and used to prepare the tests solutions.
- Controls: yes, reconstituted water without test item
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no data
- No further data - Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Fathead minnow
- Strain: no data
- Source: P. promelas were obtained from Aquatic BioSystems, Inc. (Fort Collins, CO).
- Age at study initiation : 6-8 days old (no age variation within the same test)
- Length / Weight at study initiation : no data
- Method of breeding: no data
- Feeding during test : Organisms were fed Artemia nauplii 2 hours prior to test initiation, and 2 hours prior to the 48 hour solution renewal.
- No further data
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 80 - 98 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 20.0 ± 1.0°C
- pH:
- 7.63 - 7.9
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.2 - 7.9 mg O2/L
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- The test was performed twice on the same day.
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250 ml disposable plastic cup filled with 200 ml test solutions
- Aeration: no data
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): none (semi-static)
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- Biomass loading rate: no data
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The reconstituted lab water was prepared using ultra-pure deionized water combined with reagent grade chemicals and followed the standard EPA recipe, with a slight modification to increase the hardness to approximately 100 mg/L.
- Alkalinity: 44-64 mg CaCO3/L
- Conductivity: 324-349 µmho/cm
- Total dissolved solids: 155-167 mg/L
- Ammonia: 0.12-0.32 mg NH3/L
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Total hardness (as mg CaCO3/L), pH, alkalinity (as mg CaCO3/L), conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonia, and dissolved oxygen were measured in all concentrations at test initiation. Temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured daily in each concentration.
- No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16L:8D light cycle
- Light intensity: 50-100 ft-c light intensity
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : The fathead minnow acute bioassay measure survivability to determine the Lethal Concentration for 50% of the organisms, also known as the LC50.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: no data
- Range finding study: yes
- Test concentrations: 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: no mortality at 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Reference toxicity tests were conducted monthly to ensure consistent organism quality. No further information.
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 50 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- no data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- no data
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Effect of Cerium oxide on the Mortality of Pimephales promelas
Nominal concentration (mg/L)
0
12500
25000
50000
Test A:
Alive/Exposed
% survival
39/40
97.5
40/40
100
39/40
97.5
40/40
100
Test B:
Alive/Exposed
% survival
39/40
97.5
40/40
100
39/40
97.5
40/40
100
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Cerium oxide had no acute toxic effect on Pimephales promelas up to 50000 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The 96hr-acute toxicity of cerium oxide to Pimephales promelas was studied according to the US EPA method EPA-821 -R-02 -012 (2002).Pimephales promelas were exposed to control and test chemical at 12500, 25000 and 50000 mg/L for 96 hr. Mortality were observed during the test. No significant mortality was observed during the test period of 96 h at any concentrations tested. Thus, the 96 -hour LC50 was >50000mg/L.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
The 96-hour LL50 (Fish: Brachydanio rerio) of the bulk form of cerium dioxide is > 100 mg/L. Hence, the bulk form of cerium dioxide is not harmful for the fish species tested.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Two experimental studies, scored as Klimisch 2, are available (Bazzon, 2000 and Lambert, 2007). The first of them, conducted according to the OECD guideline was selected as a key study. The second, conducted according to an American guideline, gave consistent results and was flagged as a supporting study. Both studies concluded that the bulk form of cerium dioxide was not harmful to the fish species tested.
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