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EC number: 289-753-6 | CAS number: 89998-15-2 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Cymbopogon nardus, Gramineae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- other: Known constituent approach
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 21 March 2018
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Remarks:
- Citronella Nardus oil is a Natural Complex Substance (NCS), wIth 90.5% of its constituents identified. The substance can therefore be considered as a well defined NCS.
- Justification for type of information:
- No test result on the biodegradation of Citronella Nardus is available. According to the NCS Protocol (The Registration for REACH of Natural Complex Substances used as Fragrance Ingredients Revision 2, January 7, 2009 and EFEO/IFRA Guidelines on the Environmental Assessment of Natural Complex Substances (NCS) Version 01, May 26, 2016), the assessment of the biodegradability of a NCS can be based on a constituent approach.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 302 C (Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II))
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 310 (Ready Biodegradability - CO2 in Sealed Vessels (Headspace Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Assessment of the ready biodegradability of the known constituents: addition of the percentage of readily biodegradable constituents in the mixture gives the fraction of readily biodegradable substances.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Assessment of constituents was based on using their CAS numbers for identification.
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- mixture of sewage, soil and natural water
- Remarks:
- several guideline tests with different inocula were used
- Duration of test (contact time):
- >= 28 - <= 63 d
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- >= 60
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Geraniol, Methyl eugenol, Methyl isoeugenol, borneol, citronellol, geranyl acetate, citronellal, Elemene beta, Elemol, Caryophyllene beta, Bornyl acetate
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (CO2 evolution)
- Value:
- >= 60
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: for Limonene, pinene alpha, cis and trans ocimene, terpineol alpha and citronellyl acetate
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- >= 60
- Sampling time:
- 63 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Cadinene delta, camphene
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- >= 60
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: indirect evidence from other UVCB
- Remarks:
- Farnesene alpha, Germacrene D
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- inherently biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Citronella nardus oil is considered as a worst case to be inherently biodegradable. However ≥ 75% of the known constituents are indicated to be readily biodegradable. The UVCB substance is not persistent.
- Executive summary:
Citronella Nardus is a Natural Complex Substance (NCS) of which 90.5% of the constituents are identified. An assessment of the biodegradability of Citronella Nardus was made based on the degradability of its constituents and the underlying assumption that if the constituents of the NCS are readily biodegradable, the NCS itself should also be readily biodegradable. Data on constituents were either derived from experimental or non-testing data to asses biodegradability. Based on available data obtained in experimental ready biodegradability tests, 61.1% of the known constituents indicated to be biodegradable. For some constituents (14.5% of the NCS), the ready biodegradability was based on available data on the ready biodegradability of structurally related substances. Thus, 75.6% of the composition of the known constituents of Citronella Nardus is in the category of readily biodegradable substances. For 5.6 % of the composition, a biodegradability conclusion was drawn indirectly based on results from another UVCB substance in which these constituents were present as the major constituent. In conclusion there is sufficient information to conclude that none of the constituents appears persistent. For classification and labelling purposes, Citronella Nardus oil can be classified at least as inherently biodegradable and not persistent.
Reference
Data matrix for ready biodegradation
Constituent |
Typical Concentration (% w/w) |
Results of Biodegradation Assessment |
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Geraniol CAS# 106-24-1 |
25 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- Modified OECD 301B (sealed CO2 test): 101% (94.5% - 106.3%) in 28 d (Quest 1994) - OECD 301F: test 86% in 28 d (Haarmann& Reimer 2001) - OECD 301F: 94% (Givaudan, 1994) - OECD 301F: 100% (DOC) in 28 d - OECD 301F: 94% in 28 d (ECHA database) -OECD 301D (Closed Bottle test): 73% in 14 d (BBA 1992, in IUCLID (http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/IUCLID /data_sheets/106241.pdf)
|
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(S)-Limonene CAS# 138-86-3/5989-54-8 |
8 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- Modified OECD301B (sealed vessels): 71.4% (Quest 1993). The biodegradability of perfume ingredients in the sealed vessel test. - MITI (I) / OECD 301C, improved for volatile substance: Limonene 14d - BOD: 41, 81, 98% Direct analysis: GC: 100%; TOC 50, 73, 81% (MITI 1980 http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/sitemap/db_map_e.html) - Readily biodegradable (Misra, G.; Pavlostathis, S. G.; Perdue, E. M.; Araujo, R. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (1996), 45(6), 831-838.)
|
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Camphene CAS# 79-92-5 |
8 |
Inherently biodegradable
- OECD 302C: 66% (28d); 76% (61 d) (Givaudan 2010)
|
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Methyl isoeugenol CAS# 93-16-3 |
8 |
Expected to be READILY BIODEGRADABLE
Based on the structural similarity of the skeleton with
Methyl eugenol CAS# 93-15-2 (See below)
As it can been seen from the chemical structures of the both constituents, Methyl isoeugenol and Methyl eugenol are very similar: they have the same aromatic structure, the only difference is the position of the double bond in the aliphatic tail. Physical chemical properties of the chemicals are summarized below: The predicted Log Kowvalues are very close (almost equal: 2.95 for Methyl isoeugenol versus 3.03 for Methyl eugenol) indicating that they are comparable. Likewise, the difference in the water solubilities and the vapour pressures for both of the constituents can be considered as comparable.
1C: Predicted value (dimensionless) using KOWWIN v1.68 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 2C: Predicted value (mg/L at 25 °C) using WATERNT v1.01 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 3Predicted value (Pa at 25 °C) using MPBPVP v1.43 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 4E: Experimental value in ECHA Database. NA: Not available.
|
||||||||||||
Borneol CAS# 464-45-9 |
5 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- 301F: 99% (28d) (Givaudan 1999) (Borneol Crystals, purity 95.9%, sum of 2 isomers) |
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Citronellol CAS# 106-22-9 |
5 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE - OECD 301C (Modified MITI) 65% (Givaudan-Roure 1989, unpublished report to FMA) - DOC (Method F from Blue book series 1991) 100% after 15 days (BBA 1990) |
||||||||||||
Geranyl Acetate CAS# 105-87-3 |
5 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- OECD 301D: 68% (Symrise 1999) - OECD 301D: 91% (Symrise 2000) - Modified OECD 301B, sealed CO2 test: 82.2% (Quest1994) - OECD 301F: 85% (Givaudan 1998) |
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Citronellal CAS# 106-23-0 |
4.5 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- OECD 301F: 61% (28d), 51% in 10d-window (Givaudan 1994)
|
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Farnesene alpha CAS# 26560-14-5 |
4 |
Predicted as not readily biodegradable, however potentially (readily) biodegradable
SMILES: C=CC(C)=CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C
Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.10): Biowin1 (Linear Model): 0.6503 Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model): 0.5267 Expert Survey Biodegradation Results: Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model):2.7476 (weeks-months) Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) :3.5529 (days-weeks ) MITI Biodegradation Probability: Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model): 0.2912 Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.1374 Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability: Biowin7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): 0.1546 Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO
In addition, Farnesene alpha is a major constituent (≥ 10%) in Ylang Ylang III oil. The Ylang Ylang III oil was shown to be readily biodegradable (86% in 28d in 301D, ref. REACH dossier on ECHA website), suggesting (ready) biodegradation of Farnesene alpha to be highly likely.
|
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Elemene beta CAS# 33880-83-0 / 515-13-9 |
2.5 |
Expected to be READILY BIODEGRADABLE
Based on the structural similarity of the skeleton with Elemol CAS# 639-99-6 (See below)
As it can been seen from the chemical structures of the both constituents, Elemene beta and Elemol are similar: they have the same ring structure with the same branching and substituents. Physical chemical properties of the chemicals are summarized below: The predicted Log Kowvalues are comparable, both are higher than 4 indicating that they are structurally comparable. The differences between the water solubilities and the vapour pressures for both of the constituents are due to the hydrogen bonding ability of the -OH group present in Elemol.
1C: Predicted value (dimensionless) using KOWWIN v1.68 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 2C: Predicted value (mg/L at 25 °C) using WATERNT v1.01 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 3Predicted value (Pa at 25 °C) using MPBPVP v1.43 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 4E: Experimental value in ECHA Database. NA: Not available.
|
||||||||||||
Caryophyllene beta CAS# 87-44-5 |
2 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- OECD301F - 75% (REF: Givaudan, 2007) |
||||||||||||
Pinene alpha CAS# 80-56-8 |
2 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- OECD301B, sealed vessels: 62% (28d), 70% (42d) (Astra Zeneca, 2001, ECB PBT#84
|
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cis Ocimene CAS# 3338-55-4 |
2 |
Expected to be READILY BIODEGRADABLE
Based on the structural similarity of the skeleton with b-Myrcene CAS# 123-35-3, a constituent of another substance (Cymbopogon winterianus), which is READILY BIODEGRADABLE - OECD 310 Carbon Dioxide Headspace test: CO2 production: 73% (Van Ginkel 2009) (See below)
As it can been seen from the chemical structures of the both constituents, cis Ocimene andb-Myrcene are very similar: they both have 8-carbon skelaton and three double bonds, the only difference is the position of one of the double bonds. Physical chemical properties of the chemicals are summarized below: The predicted Log Kowvalues are very close (almost equal: 4.80 versus 4.88) indicating that they are comparable. Likewise, the difference in the water solubilities and the vapour pressures for both of the constituents can be considered as comparable
1C: Predicted value (dimensionless) using KOWWIN v1.68 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 2C: Predicted value (mg/L at 25 °C) using WATERNT v1.01 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 3Predicted value (Pa at 25 °C) using MPBPVP v1.43 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 4E: Experimental value in ECHA Database. NA: Not available.
|
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Elemol CAS# 639-99-6 |
1.8 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
- OECD 301F: 71% BOD (28d) (Givaudan 2011) |
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Germacrene D CAS# 23986-74-5 / 37839-63-7 |
1.6 |
Not readily biodegradable, however complete primary degradation and in addition potentially readily biodegradable
- OECD301F - 19% 28d, 24% 63d, specific analysis at the end of the test provided evidence of complete primary degradation of Germancrene-D (Givaudan, 2008). Sample: essential oil fraction of Ylang-Ylang, enriched in Germacrene D. 71.1% Germacrene-D, 12.7% beta-carypohyllene, 3.8% delta-cadinene, rest – sesquiterpenes.
In addition, Germacrene D is a major constituent (≥ 15%) in Ylang Ylang III oil. The Ylang Ylang III oil was shown to be readily biodegradable (86% in 28d in 301D, ref. REACH dossier on ECHA website), suggesting (ready) biodegradation of Germacrene D to be highly likely.
|
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Terpineol alpha CAS# 98-55-5 |
1.5 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE:
- OECD 310 (CO2Headspace test, CO2production): 80% degradation for Isomeric terpineol mixtures [CAS 8000-41-7] e.g. mixture containing 86% alpha, 11% gamma & 1% beta (Van Ginkel 2008).
Primary degradation and complete mineralisation demonstrated using soil inoculum under aerobic conditions (Misra, G.; Pavlostathis, S. G.; Perdue, E. M.; Araujo, R. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (1996), 45(6), 831-838.)
|
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Cadinene delta CAS# 483-76-1 |
1.3 |
Biodegradable in prolonged test but Not readily biodegradable
d-Cadinene: OECD 301F respirometry test (100 mg substance/l): 28d 50% BOD, 63d: > 60% BOD (prolonged test). This implies completely mineralisation after 63 d. Jenner et al 2011 (Environm. Tox. Chem. 30:1096-1108).
According to the UM-BBD prediction, first hydrogenation of the ring structure will occur and next the rings will be cleaved for further degradation http://umbbd.ethz.ch/predict/
SMILES: C(=C(CC1)C)C(C1=C(C2)C)C(C2)C(C)C
|
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trans Ocimene CAS# 3779-61-1 |
1 |
Expected to be READILY BIODEGRADABLE
Based on the structural similarity of the skeleton with b-Myrcene CAS# 123-35-3, a constituent of another substance (Cymbopogon winterianus), which is READILY BIODEGRADABLE - OECD 310 Carbon Dioxide Headspace test: CO2 production: 73% (Van Ginkel 2009) (See below)
As it can been seen from the chemical structures of the both constituents, trans Ocimene andb-Myrcene are very similar: they both have 8-carbon skelaton and three double bonds, the only difference is the position of one of the double bonds. Physical chemical properties of the chemicals are summarized below: The predicted Log Kow, water solubility and the vapour pressure values are exactly equal indicating that they are structurally similar.
1C: Predicted value (dimensionless) using KOWWIN v1.68 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 2C: Predicted value (mg/L at 25 °C) using WATERNT v1.01 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 3Predicted value (Pa at 25 °C) using MPBPVP v1.43 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 4E: Experimental value in ECHA Database. NA: Not available.
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Bornyl acetate CAS# 76-49-3 |
1 |
Expected to be READILY BIODEGRADABLE:
CAS# 464-45-9 which is readily biodegradable (see above)
As it can been seen from the chemical structures of the both constituents, Bornyl acetate and Borneol are similar: they have the same ring structure with the same branching and substituents, Borneol is an alcohol and Bornyl acetate is an methyl-esterified version of it. Physical chemical properties of the chemicals are summarized below: The predicted Log Kowvalues are comparable, both are smaller than 4 indicating that they are structurally comparable. The differences between the water solubilities and the vapour pressures for both of the constituents are due to the hydrogen bonding ability of the -OH group present in Borneol.
1C: Predicted value (dimensionless) using KOWWIN v1.68 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 2C: Predicted value (mg/L at 25 °C) using WATERNT v1.01 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 3Predicted value (Pa at 25 °C) using MPBPVP v1.43 available inEPI Suite program v4.11. 4E: Experimental value in ECHA Database. NA: Not available.
|
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Citronellyl acetate CAS# 150-84-5 |
1 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE:
OECD 301 B and 301 F, respectively using activated sludge as inoculum. At test termination after 28 days Unilever reported a degradation rate of 82.1 % and the 10-day window criteria was fulfilled. However, due to technical deficiencies, both studies have been disregarded. To cover the information requirements, a third study on ready biodegradability according to OECD guideline 310 (Headspace Test) for testing volatile substances was performed. The degree of biodegradation after an exposure period of 28 days was 93 ± 7 %. The results in this study are consistent with all validity criteria and the test is valid according to the guideline of this study. Accordingly, citronellyl acetate is considered readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria. |
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Methyl eugenol CAS# 93-15-2 |
0.3 |
READILY BIODEGRADABLE
GLP study according to OECD Guideline 301 C. Based on a degradation of 89% (O2 consumption) within 28 d, the substance is readily biodegradable according to OECD criteria. |
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Readily biodegradable (experiment): 61.1% Inherently biodegradable (experiment): 8.0% Ultimately biodegradable (experiment): 1.3% Expected to be readily biodegradable (read-across): 14.5% Potentially (readily) biodegradable (major constituent analysis): 5.6% |
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More detail can be found in the attached document
Description of key information
Citronella Nardus is a Natural Complex Substance (NCS) of which 90.5% of the constituents are identified. An assessment of the biodegradability of Citronella Nardus was made based on the degradability of its constituents and the underlying assumption that if the constituents of the NCS are readily biodegradable, the NCS itself should also be readily biodegradable. Data on constituents were either derived from experimental or non-testing data to asses biodegradability. Based on available data obtained in experimental ready biodegradability tests, 61.1% of the known constituents indicated to be biodegradable. For some constituents (14.5% of the NCS), the ready biodegradability was based on available data on the ready biodegradability of structurally related substances. Thus, 75.6% of the composition of the known constituents of Citronella Nardus is in the category of readily biodegradable substances. For 5.6 % of the composition, a biodegradability conclusion was drawn indirectly based on results from another UVCB substance in which these constituents were present as the major constituent. In conclusion there is sufficient information to conclude that none of the constituents appears persistent. For classification and labelling purposes, Citronella Nardus oil can be classified at least as inherently biodegradable and not persistent.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- inherently biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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