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EC number: 232-000-3 | CAS number: 7783-48-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Acute toxicity:
Acute toxicity data for fluoride (F) are available for several aquatic freshwater species covering three trophic levels (primary producers, primary and secondary consumers) and aquatic microorganisms. Furthermore, data on several aquatic saltwater species, covering two trophic levels (primary producers and secondary consumers) is available. The tables below provide an overview of the effect values for acute freshwater and saltwater toxicity of fluoride.
The freshwater algae Scenedesmus sp. was identified as the most sensitive species (96 h EC50 43.0 mg F/L, EU RAR 2001).
Furthermore, a 20-h NOEC value for growth inhibition of microorganism of 7.1 mg F/L (not specified) was observed (EU RAR 2001).
In recent studies, additional species representing other taxonomic groups, including aquatic plants and gastropds were tested. The lower LC/EC50 values should be viewed with caution since the corresponding tests were conducted at non-standard conditions. Chloride appears to act as a major modifying factor for fluoride toxicity. However, at standard conditions, recent data confirm that fluoride is acutely toxic to freshwater organisms.
The saltwater organism Mysidopsis bahia was identified as the most sensitive species with a 96 h EC50 value of 10.5 (nominal) mg F/L (EU RAR 2001).
Finally, it is concluded that fluoride is acutely toxic to freshwater organisms, such as algae and aquatic microorganisms.
Table: Overview of acute aquatic toxicity data of F in freshwater:
Species |
Taxonomic group |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg F/L) |
Reference |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
fish |
mortality |
96 h LC50 |
51.0 (measured) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Daphnia magna |
crustacea |
mortality |
48 h EC50 |
97 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Scenedesmus sp. |
algae |
biomass |
96 h EC50 |
43.0 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
fish |
mortality |
96 h LC50 |
10.4 - 150 (measured)* |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Hyalella azteca |
crustacea |
mortality |
96 h LC50 |
8.1 - 50.9 (measured)* |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Potamopyrgus antipodarum |
gastropoda |
mortality |
96 h LC50 |
58.5 (measured) |
Alonso & Carmargo 2011 |
Lemna minor |
plant |
growth |
7 d IC50 |
391 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
algae |
growth |
72 h IC50 |
273 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
* at different hardness, alkalinity, chloride concentrations
Table: Overview of acute aquatic toxicity data of F in saltwater:
Species |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg F/L) |
Reference |
Mysidopsis bahia |
not specified |
96 h EC50 |
10.5 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Skeletonema costatum |
biomass |
96 h EC50 |
81.0 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Chronic toxicity:
Chronic toxicity data for fluoride (F) are available for several aquatic freshwater species covering three trophic levels(primary producers, primary and secondary consumers) and for one saltwater organism.The table below provides an overview of the effect values for chronic toxicity of F.
Freshwater fish with Onchorhynchus mykiss were identified as the most sensitive species, regarding a 21 d NOEC of 4.0 mg F/L (measured, EU RAR 2011).
The lowest saltwater algae 21 d NOEC value amounted to 50 mg F/L (nominal, EU RAR 2001).
In recent studies, additional species representing other taxonomic groups, including aquatic plants, insects and gastropds were tested. The lower IC10 values should be viewed with caution since the corresponding tests were conducted at non-standard conditions. Chloride appears to act as a major modifying factor for fluoride toxicity. However, at standard conditions, recent data confirm that fluoride is moderately toxic to freshwater organisms.
In conclusion, F is chronically toxic to freshwater organisms and has a low chronic toxicity potential to saltwater algae.
Table: Overview of chronic aquatic toxicity data of F in freshwater:
Species |
Taxonomic group |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg F/L) |
Reference |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
fish |
mortality |
21 d NOEC |
4.0 (measured) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Daphnia magna |
crustacea |
reproduction |
21 d NOEC |
8.9 (arithmetic mean) |
EU RAR 2001 |
various freshwater algae |
algae |
biomass |
7 d NOEC |
50 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Uronema parduczi |
algae |
growth inhibition |
20 h NOEC |
7.1 (not specified) |
EU RAR 2001 |
Salvelinusnamaycush |
fish |
embryo viability |
17 d IC10 |
>134 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Pimephales promelas |
fish |
growth |
7 d IC10 |
14.6 – 77.7 (measured)* |
Peary et al. 2015 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
fish |
Growth & survival |
7 d IC10 |
5.8 – 21.6 (measured)* |
Peary et al. 2015 |
Potamopyrgus antipodarum |
gastropoda |
growth |
28 d NOEC |
4.6 (measured) |
Alonso & Carmargo 2011 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
crustacea |
Reproduction & survival |
7 d IC10 |
8.0 – 12.5 (measured)* |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Hyalella azteca |
crustacea |
Growth & survival |
14 d IC10 |
1.8 - 5.2 (measured)* |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Chironomus dilutus |
Insecta |
Growth & survival |
10 d IC20 |
8.2 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Lemna minor |
plant |
growth |
7 d IC10 |
125 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
algae |
growth |
72 h IC10 |
192 (measured) |
Pearcy et al. 2015 |
* at different hardness, alkalinity, chloride concentrations
Table: Overview of chronic aquatic toxicity data of F in saltwater:
Species |
Parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg F/L) |
Reference |
various saltwater algae |
biomass |
21 d NOEC |
50 (nominal) |
EU RAR 2001 |
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