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EC number: 209-481-3 | CAS number: 582-25-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- adult fish: sub(lethal) effects
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Justification for type of information:
- Benzoates exhibit low toxicity to aquatic organisms and will rapidly biodegrade
Potasium is present at typical concentrations of 1.5 mg/l in freshwater and 400 mg/l in seawater
Further testing on vertebrates cannot be justified.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 28 day Ready Biodegradation
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Benzoate salts – justification for read-across. As with all salts, the significance for toxicity or environmental assessment is the presence of specific ions that will form when in solution or when in biological systems. In the case of metal salts of organic acids, the cation is generally critical to determine the solubility in biological or environmental media and if the key physico-chemical properties are equivalent, the potential for hazard and environmental fate will be equivalent; this is especially so for potassium and sodium salts that share similar solubility and dissociation characteristics.The cation is only critical in determining hazard if this is itself hazardous, but if the metal cations are present in the diet or are ‘essential’ elements for health, then there should be little to differentiated long-term hazards.
It is considered that potassium and sodium salts will behave in the same way under environmental conditions. - Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.4-D (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Version / remarks:
- The aim of this ring-test programme was to examine the reliability of a method of assessing the biodegradability of chemical substances based on a UK adaptation of the Japanese MITI test so that it may be included in Annex V of the Directive 79/831/CEE.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Test performed at 12 different laboratories as part of a method validation exercise. Sodium benzoate is usd as a reference substance for biodegradation testing
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- Inoculum sludge grown on sewage
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Based on:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Range used
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not required
- Remarks:
- The research was to confirm sodium benzoate as a reference substance
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (DOC removal)
- Value:
- 64 - 97
- Sampling time:
- 10 d
- Parameter:
- % degradation (DOC removal)
- Value:
- 75 - 100
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Details on results:
- As expected, sodium benzoate was readily degraded and values of biodegradation from all laboratories exceeded 60% after 14 days, t + 10 days
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- As expected, sodium benzoate was readily degraded and values of biodegradation from all laboratories exceeded 60% after 14 days, t + 10 days
- Executive summary:
Test performed at 12 different laboratories as part of a method validation exercise. Sodium benzoate is used as a reference substance for biodegradation testing
A good level of biodegradation is noted with both benzoic acid and the sodium salt.
Sodium benzoate is used as a reference substance for biodegradation testing and it is considered that potassium benzoate will behave in the same way.
Potassium and sodium benzoate dissociate under environmental conditions and the organic components will behave the same irrespective of the mono-valent metal ion associated with it.
Benzoate is rapidly biodegradable under aerobic conditions
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 96 hours
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- As with all salts, the significance for toxicity or environmental assessment is the presence of specific ions that will form when in solution or when in biological systems. In the case of metal salts of organic acids, the cation is generally critical to determine the solubility in biological or environmental media and if the key physico-chemical properties are equivalent, the potential for hazard and environmental fate will be equivalent
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- 99% purity, qualified by GC/MS analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- All test mixtures sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- Culturted at the US EPA Environmental Research LAboratory (Duluth) and the University of Wisconsin- Superior campus. Held at 25oC in flow-thorugh considition 16:8 L:D ratio.
Fed on frozen brine shrimp
33 days old at the time of testing. Maturity reached at 90 days indicating the test organisms were juvenile. - Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 43 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- ca 24 C
- pH:
- ca 7.4
- Dissolved oxygen:
- ca 7 mg/L (equivalent to 84.72% at sea level (1 bar) and 25oC)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- No record of nominal concentrations reported though % recovery is cited as being 102%
Measured concentrations as follows:
Corrected average (over 5 days):
Control <49 mg/L
Group A =99.05mg/L
Group B =162.5 mg/L
Group C =245 mg/L
Group D=392.5 mg/L
Group E =666.5 mg/L
Group 6 =245 mg/L
Method LOD appears to be 50 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- 16 hour photoperiod
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 484 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- > 392 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- Affested fish were hyperactive and lost equilibrium prior to death.
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Group Control A B C D E No fish at start of test 20 x 2 reps 20 x 2 reps 20 x 2 reps 20 x 2 reps 20 x 2 reps 20 x 2 reps Mortalities at 48h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Mortalities at 72h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 9 Mortalities at 96h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 16 17 - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A dose response was observed with mortality at the highest concentrations tested.There was no mortality at 100 mg/l and classification is not triggered by this assay.Although the testing was performed on sodium salts, this is considered a valid read-across for benzoates.
- Executive summary:
A dose response was observed with mortality at the highest concentrations tested. There was no mortality at 100 mg/l and classification is not triggered by this assay.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 96 hours
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- The research paper cited compares toxicity of sodium, potassium and other ions and provides an indicator to test validity of read-across between potassium and sodium.
The anion (benzoate) is assessed separately.
Performing further vertebrate tests is not considered appropriate - Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Toxicity tests followed the general guidance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for conducting acute whole effluent toxicity tests.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples taken daily
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- Reared on site.
Fathead minnow brood stock were cultured at 20 to 258C in tap water that was pretreated with activated carbon - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- Measured, but not reported
- Test temperature:
- 25 C
- pH:
- Measured, but not reported
- Conductivity:
- Measured, but not reported
- Details on test conditions:
- 10,000, 5,000, 2,500, 1,250 mg/l screening, reduced to 2,500, 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, 500 mg/l where toxicity was observed
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 880 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- Result is based on KCl; this equates to ca 450 mg/l K
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Potassium is not highly toxic to fish and will not lead to the classified of potassium benzoate.
Data source
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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