2-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-1,3-benzodiazole

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

In-vitro mutagenicity in bacteria. Key study: OECD Guideline 471. GLP study. The test substance was determined to be non-mutagenic under test conditions.

Genetic toxicity in vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration. Key study: The test substance is predicted to be mutagenic in mammalian cells.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

October 22, 2007 - December 21, 2007

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source: sponsor
- Lot: 0604X10

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature in darkness.
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: Sodium phosphate buffer, 200mM, pH=7.4, was used as the vehicle to prepare the item concentrations. A stock concentration of 100 mg/ml was prepared in DMSO from which 1:5 dilutions were made.
- Reactivity of the test substance with the solvent/vehicle of the cell culture medium: no

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

The top concentration of the test item was toxic for Salmonella typhimurium so, the following concentrations were tested: 20; 4; 0.8; 0.16; and 0.032 mg/ml

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle/solvent used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Solvent is compatible with the survival of the bacteria and the S9 activity.

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

2-nitrofluorene

sodium azide

cumene hydroperoxide

other: 2-aminoantracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: Preincubation
Each point of the two series of tubes (with and without S9) was tested in duplicate and with the following compposition: phosphate buffer (or S9 micture), 2E9 cell/ml bacterial culture and the solvent (negative control), the test item (each of the five concentrations) or the reference item (positive controls). The tubes were placed in a water bath at 37ºC for 45 minutes. Then 2ml of surface agar supplemented with histidine/biotin 0,5 mM was added to each tube and poured onto a minimum agar plate. The plates were left to set for 1 hour and they were then placed in the incubator at 37 ºC for 48-72 hours.


DURATION
- Preincubation period: 45 minutes
- Exposure duration:48 -72 hours

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): The lack of amino-acid in the medium. Only the mutants can grow due to their capability to synthesize an essential amino acid.

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Visual observation of the colonies.

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
Phenotype and sterility controls were also performed.

- OTHER:
Solutions preparation: Sodium phosphate buffer, 200mM, pH=7.4, was used as the vehicle to prepare the item concentrations. In all cases, these concentrations were prepared on the day they were used. A stock concentration of 100mg/ml was prepared in DMSO from which 1:5 dilutions were carried out.

Test system: Prior to the study, the master plates of each strain were prepared. The strains were plated out in minimum agar plates enriched with Biotin 0.5 mM and Histidine 0.1 M. In the case of strains TA98 and TA100 the plates also contained ampicillin 8 mg/ml and in the case of strain TA102 they contained Tetracycline 8 mg/ml, in addition to Histidine, Biotin and Ampicillin. The plates were cultivated for 48 hours at 37ºC.

Rationale for test conditions:

The top concentration of the test item, 100 mg/ml, was toxic for Salmonella typhimurium so, the following concentrations were tested: 20; 4; 0.8; 0.16 and 0.032 mg/ml.

Evaluation criteria:

Criteria conclusion: the result of the test is considered as positive if the test item induce an increase of colonies with respect to non-treated plates, dependent on the concentration of one, or several of the 5 strains, without and/or with metabolic activation.

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: No

The conditions listed below indicate that the tests are acceptable:

1. The plates show a firm, uniform lawn, which demonstrates that there is no toxicity in the concentrations that were taken as a reference to evaluate the mutagenic power.

2. The number of colonies in the spontaneous mutation plates is within the normal range for each strain.

3. The positive controls induce a clear increase in the number of revertants in all cases.

4. The phenotype control plates show the expected results for each strain.

From the results expressed on the tables below it can be deduced that the test item does not induce an increase in colonies in any of the strains used in this study, neither in the presence of S9 nor in its absence.

Calculation of the mutation index (MI)

MI = nº. of mut. in a dose / nº. of mut. in the control

Strain TA98
	-S9			+S9
	No. Col.	Average	MI	No. Col.	Average	MI
Sp. Mut.	13/15	14.0	--	19/20	19.5	--
0mg/ml	16/19	17.5	--	20/22	21.0	--
32mg/ml	22/15	18.5	1.057	22/17	19.5	0.929
160mg/ml	14/18	16.0	0.914	16/23	19.5	0.929
800mg/ml	20/14	17.0	0.971	14/22	18.0	0.857
4000mg/ml	14/18	16.0	0.914	16/18	17.0	0.810
20000mg/ml	18/15	16.5	0.943	27/12	19.5	0.929
Control +	>2000/>2000	>2000	>114.286	>2000/>2000	>2000	>95.238

 

Strain TA100
	-S9			+S9
	No. Col.	Average	MI	No. Col.	Average	MI
Sp. Mut.	176/183	169.5	--	192/197	194.5	--
0mg/ml	180/164	172.0	--	215/207	211.5	--
32mg/ml	173/169	171.0	0.994	173/162	167.5	0.794
160mg/ml	168/159	163.5	0.951	168/172	170.0	0.806
800mg/ml	163/170	166.5	0.968	132/196	164.0	0.777
4000mg/ml	181/176	178.5	1.038	160/188	174.0	0.825
20000mg/ml	186/190	188.0	1.093	200/213	206.5	0.979
Control +	>2000/>2000	>2000	>11.628	>2000/>2000	>2000	>9.479

 

Strain TA102
	-S9			+S9
	No. Col.	Average	MI	No. Col.	Average	MI
Sp. Mut.	312/321	316.5	--	412/420	416.0	--
0mg/ml	326/325	325.5	--	400/410	405.0	--
32mg/ml	317/329	323.0	0.992	438/422	430.0	1.062
160mg/ml	330/322	326.0	1.002	407/410	408.5	1.009
800mg/ml	327/333	330.0	1.014	428/430	429.0	1.059
4000mg/ml	315/320	317.0	0.974	410/412	411.0	1.015
20000mg/ml	317/321	319.0	0.980	426/410	418.0	1.032
Control +	>2000/>2000	>2000	>6.144	920/880	900.0	2.222

 

Strain TA1535
	-S9			+S9
	No. Col.	Average	MI	No. Col.	Average	MI
Sp. Mut.	6/6	6.0	--	17/16	16.5	--
0mg/ml	7/4	5.5	--	19/17	18.0	--
32mg/ml	8/5	6.5	1.182	20/22	21.0	1.167
160mg/ml	7/5	6.0	1.091	21/19	20.0	1.111
800mg/ml	6/5	5.5	1.000	17/23	20.0	1.111
4000mg/ml	5/5	5.0	0.909	26/18	22.0	1.222
20000mg/ml	5/6	5.5	1.000	22/23	22.5	1.250
Control +	>1500/>1500	>1500	>272.727	253/249	251.0	13.944

  

Strain TA1537
	-S9			+S9
	No. Col.	Average	MI	No. Col.	Average	MI
Sp. Mut.	4/5	4.5	--	8/10	9.0	--
0mg/ml	7/6	6.5	--	9/11	10.0	--
32mg/ml	6/6	6.0	0.923	4/7	5.5	0.550
160mg/ml	8/6	7.0	1.077	10/7	8.5	0.850
800mg/ml	5/7	6.0	0.923	6/1	3.5	0.350
4000mg/ml	6/7	6.5	1.000	3/5	4.0	0.400
20000mg/ml	4/6	5.0	0.769	13/4	8.5	0.850
Control +	165/179	172.0	26.462	192/184	188.0	18.800

--: It was not possible to count colonies

 

Results of the phenotype control

	TA98	TA100	TA1535	TA1537	TA102
Ampicilyne	Resistant	Resistant	Sensitive	Sensitive	Resistant
Violet Crystal	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive
UV light	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive	Sensitive
Tetracycline	n.t	n.t	n.t	n.t	Resistant

n.t.: not tested

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusions:

The test item does not induce a dose-dependent increase in Salmonella typhimurium strains: TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537. Therefore, it was not considered as mutagenic under test conditions.

Executive summary:

A Bacterial reverse mutation test was performed according OECD guideline 471 with GLP. Bases on previous toxicity test, 1 -2E9 cell/mL os Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102 were exposed to 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, 4 and 20 mg/mL test item, solvent and positive controls with and without metabolic activation (two replicates each). The incubation mixtures were pre-incubated at 37 ºC for 45 minutes and incubated at 37 ºC for 48 -72 hours. Then, the revertant colonies were counted. Phenotype and sterility controls were also performed. The plates showed a firm, uniform lawn, which demostrates that there was no toxicity. The number of colonies in the spontaneous mutation plates was within the normal range for each strain. The positive controls induced a clear inclease in the number of revertants in all cases and the phenotype control plates show the expected results for each strain. The test item do not induce a dose-dependent increase in Salmonella typhimurium strains: TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537. Therefore, it was not considered as mutagenic under test conditions.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

1. SOFTWARE
OASIS-TIMES 2.27.19

2. MODEL (incl. version number)
In vitro Chromosomal Aberrations v.12.12

3. SMILES OR OTHER IDENTIFIERS USED AS INPUT FOR THE MODEL
C1CC(C2Nc3ccccc3N=2)CCN1

4. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY OF THE (Q)SAR MODEL
The QMRF is available in "Attached justification"


5. APPLICABILITY DOMAIN
The QPRF is available in "Attached justification"

6. ADEQUACY OF THE RESULT:
The QPRF is available in "Attached justification"

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: REACH Guidance on QSAR R.6

Principles of method if other than guideline:

- Software tool(s) used including version:
OASIS TIMES 2.27.19

- Model(s) used:
In vitro Chromosomal Aberrations v.12.12

- Model description: see field 'Attached justification'

- Justification of QSAR prediction: see field 'Attached justification'

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

other: In-vitro chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells

Key result

Additional information on results:

The substance is predicted to be positive for in-vitro chromosomal aberration.

Remarks on result:

mutagenic potential (based on QSAR/QSPR prediction)

In vitro Chromosomal aberration. Application of TIMES in vitro CA model:

The target chemical is predicted in vitro positive by TIMES Chromosomal aberrations model. It belongs 50% in model applicability domain. No alerts damaging DNA are identified. Fragments that could cause chromosomal aberrations are identified but they lack additional structural requirements needed to bring about the positive effect.

In the structure of its simulated phenolic metabolite there is available hydrogen atom at position 1 of the benzimidazole fragment which appears to be critical for eliciting protein damages.

The corresponding Quinoneimine is expected to be formed as a result of Quinone imine transformation reaction. The reactive Quinoneimine metabolites are able to form protein adducts.

Hence, the target chemical is able to form after S9 metabolic activation reactive metabolites able to damage the proteins.

Experimental data and mechanistic interpretion of the results

The chemical contains benzimidazole fragment bound to piperidine ring in its molecular structure. No experimental data has been reported for in vitro metabolism of the target chemical with microsomal/S9 activation. No data on the in vitro cytogenetics (chromosomal aberrations) has been provided. The target chemical is negative in the in vitro Ames test for bacterial mutagenecity. Due to the lack of relevant data for the target chemical, examples of some selected organic chemicals with benzimidazole structural fragment and existing metabolism and in vitro genotoxicity data have been selected.

The target chemical is assumed to undergo in vitro metabolic transformations, affecting the benzimidazole ring only, similarly to one of the selected examples. Accordingly, despite the reported negative bacterial mutagenicity, the potential for metabolic formation of quinone imine indicates possible positive in vitro CA test results after metabolic activation.

The target chemical with non-substituted benzimidazole ring in position 1, i.e containing cyclic -NH group, is capable of forming protein-reactive quinone imine metabolites. Hence, it is predicted to cause positive in vitro chromosomal aberration effects with eukaryotic mammalian CHO and CHL cells (i.e. to damage the proteins).

For further details, please refer to the attached report.

Conclusions:

The substance is predicted to be positive for in-vitro chromosomal aberration.

Executive summary:

Prediction in-vitro chromosomal aberrations of the test item was performed using: TIMES models (Model version: In vitro Chromosomal Aberrations v.12.12, Platform version: OASIS TIMES 2.27.19), available experimental data for the targets and structural analogues and mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and modeling results. The capability of forming protein-reactive quinone imine metabolites suggest to cause positive in vitro chromosomal aberration (OECD 473) effects with eukaryotic mammalian CHO and CHL cells (i.e. to damage the proteins). The chemical can be regarded as in vitro genotoxic.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed (positive)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

Genetic toxicity in vivo Micronucleus formation. Key study: The substance is predicted to be non-genotoxic in mammalian cells.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

1. SOFTWARE
OASIS TIMES 2.27.19

2. MODEL
In vivo Micronucleus formation v.08.08

3. SMILES OR OTHER IDENTIFIERS USED AS INPUT FOR THE MODEL
C1CC(C2Nc3ccccc3N=2)CCN1

4. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY OF THE (Q)SAR MODEL
The QMRF is available in "Attached justification"

5. APPLICABILITY DOMAIN
The QPRF is available in "Attached justification"

6. ADEQUACY OF THE RESULT
The QPRF is available in "Attached justification"

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: REACH Guidance on QSAR R.6

Principles of method if other than guideline:

- Software tool(s) used including version:
OASIST TIMES 2.27.19

- Model(s) used:
In vivo Micronucleus formation v.08.08

- Model description: see field 'Attached justification'

- Justification of QSAR prediction: see field 'Attached justification'

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

mammalian germ cell cytogenetic assay

Key result

Remarks on result:

other: Non-mutagenic (based on QSAR/QSPR prediction)

Additional information on results:

The substance is predicted to be negative for in-vivo micronucleus.

In vivo Micronucleus. Application of TIMES in vivo Micronucleus model:

TIMES prediction for in vivo Micronucleus model was negative, belonging to model domain in 50%.

Experimental data and mechanistic interpretation od the results:

The target chemical contains benzimidazole fragment bound to piperidine ring in its molecular structure. No experimental data for in vivo metabolism of the target chemical has been observed. No data on the in vivo genotoxicity as indicated by the in vivo rodent bone marrow micronucleus test is provided for the target chemical. Due to the lack of relevant data for target chemical, examples of some selected organic chemicals with benzimidazole structural fragment and existing metabolism and in vivo genotoxicity data are selected. Additionally, due to the commonly more extended in vivo xenobiotic metabolism, other example chemicals containing piperidine ring only have been discussed with respect to metabolic transformations affecting the piperidine structural motif.

The target chemical is assumed to undergo in vivo metabolic transformations, affecting both the benzimidazole ring (aromatic ring hydroxylation) and piperidine rings (aliphatic oxidation).

- Formation of protein-reactive quinone imine, following the aromatic hydroxylation is possible, due to the presence of non-substituted nitrogen atoms (-NH) in benzimidazole ring. However, the highly-reactive quinone imine, if formed in vivo, can be rapidly detoxified before reaching the bone marrow tissue, due to its high protein/glutathione reactivity;

- Oxidation of piperidine ring without its cleavage produces in vivo non-genotoxic metabolites, which are then eliminated by phase II transformations.

Therefore the target chemical is regarded as non-genotoxic in vivo, with expected negative BM-MNT results.

For further details, please refer to the attached report.

Conclusions:

The substance is predicted to be negative for in-vivo micronucleus test.

Executive summary:

Prediction in-vivo micronucleus of the test item was performed using: TIMES models (Model version: In vivo Micronucleus formation v.08.08, Platform version: OASIS TIMES 2.27.19), available experimental data for the targets and structural analogues and mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and modeling results. The substance is assumed to be non-genotoxic in vivo, i.e., negative in the in vivo micronucleus test (OECD 474). The formation of protein-reactive Quinoneimine is possible due to the presence of non-substituted nitrogen atoms (-NH) in benzimidazole ring. However, the highly-reactive Quinoneimine, if formed in vivo, can be rapidly detoxified before reaching the bone marrow tissue, due to its high protein/glutathione reactivity.

Hence, in vivo metabolism patterns of the target chemical do not suggest the formation of any active genotoxic metabolites, capable of reaching the rodent bone marrow tissue.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Genetic toxicity in vitro AMES: Key study: A bacterial reverse mutation test was performed according OECD guideline 471 with GLP. Based on previous results, 1-2E9 cell/ml of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102 were exposed up to 20 mg/ml test item with and without metabolic activation. The test item did not induce

any mutagenic change in strains of Salmonella typhimurium.

Genetic toxicity in vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration: Key study. Prediction in-vitro chromosomal aberrations of the test item was performed using: TIMES models (Model version: In vitro Chromosomal Aberrations v.12.12, Platform version: OASIS TIMES 2.27.19), available experimental data for the targets and structural analogues and mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and modeling results. The capability of forming protein-reactive quinone imine metabolites suggest to cause positive in vitro chromosomal aberration (OECD 473) effects with eukaryotic mammalian CHO and CHL cells (i.e. to damage the proteins). The chemical can be regarded as in vitro genotoxic.

Genetic toxicity in vivo Micronucleus formation. Key study. Prediction in-vivo micronucleus of the test item was performed using: TIMES models (Model version: In vivo Micronucleus formation v.08.08, Platform version: OASIS TIMES 2.27.19), available experimental data for the targets and structural analogues and mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and modeling results. The substance is assumed to be non-genotoxic in vivo, i.e., negative in the in vivo micronucleus test (OECD 474). The formation of protein-reactive Quinoneimine is possible due to the presence of non-substituted nitrogen atoms (-NH) in benzimidazole ring. However, the highly-reactive Quinoneimine, if formed in vivo, can be rapidly detoxified before reaching the bone marrow tissue, due to its high protein/glutathione reactivity.

Hence, in vivo metabolism patterns of the target chemical do not suggest the formation of any active genotoxic metabolites, capable of reaching the rodent bone marrow tissue.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the available information, i.e. a negative Ames test and a positive in-vitro chromosome aberration prediction, but a negative in-vivo micronucleus prediction, the substance is determined not

to be classified for genotoxicity according to CLP Regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008.