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EC number: 479-390-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 48 hours exposure (validity criteria fulfilled). Results are based on nominal concentrations. However, recovery was 77 and 76% (< 80%)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 48 hours exposure (validity criteria fulfilled). Results are based on nominal concentrations. However, recovery was 77 and 76% (< 80%)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 8692 (Water Quality - Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test with Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): EMCA
- Physical state: Colourless liquid
- Analytical purity: 99.3 % - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Due to the nature of the test item, a TOC analysis was performed.
- Details on sampling:
- The test subtance is extremely unstable in water and immediatly decomposes into ethylmethyl carbamic acid. An analytical method using LC-MS was aattempted in several conditions i.e. basic/acidic/neutral, organic/aqueous, APCI/ESI, positive/negative but it was not possible to develop such analytical method. Therefore a total organic carbon (TOC) analysis was used as a surrogate measurement.
- Concentrations: 100 mg/L and control at time = 0 and t=48 hours, at the end of the exposure period the replicates were pooled at each concentrations before sampling.
- Sampling method: 40mL from the approximate centre of the test vessels.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: samples were stored in refrigerator until analysis. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: 23-minutes of magnetic stirring was used to prepare the solution of 100 mg/L. The lower test concentrations were prepared by subsequent dilutions in test medium.
- Controls: 2 control groups with test medium, one with and one without adjustment of the pH value.
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): No, the test solutions were all clear and colourless. - Test organisms (species):
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata
- Strain: NIVA CHL 1
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): In house laboratory culture
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 4 days before the start of the test, cells from the algal stock culture were inoculated at a cell density of 10000 cells/mL.
- Method of cultivation: Algae stock cultures were started by inoculating growth medium with algal cells from pure culture on agar. The suspensions were continuously aerated and exposed to light in climate room temperature (21-24ºC).
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 4 days.
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): Not reported.
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: No reported. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 24 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 21.7 - 22.4 ºC
- pH:
- 6.7-8
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 mg/L
Measured concentrations: see table 5 in 'any other information on results'. The results of the TOC analysis of the samples taken from the highest test concentration and control showed that recoveries for the organic carbon were of 77 % at the start and 76 % after 48 hours of exposure, based on theoretical value (39 % carbon content, based on structural formula) were obtained. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100 mL all-glass
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Vessels contained 50 mL of test solution.
- Initial cells density: 10000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density:
Control pH adjusted: 285000
Control: 255000
Two controls were included: test medium and one test medium with pH adjusted to that of the highest concentration (pH-control; pH 6.7).
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 6 replicates for the highest concentration and 3 replicates for the rest of the test item solutions.
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6 replicates for the control.
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: according to OECD 201 guideline.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Milli-Q water (tap water purified by reverse osmosis =milli-RO, and subsequently passed over activated carbon ion exchange cartridges= Milli-Q water)
- Culture medium different from test medium: No
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: One control was pH adjusted to that one of the highest concentration at the start of the test (6.7).
- Photoperiod: Continuously
- Light intensity and quality: 30 Watt, 74 to 100 µE/s/m2
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Cell densities at 24 and 48 hours.
- Determination of cell concentrations: At the beggining of the test, cells were counted using a microscope and a counting chamber. Thereafter cell densities were determined by spectrophotometric measurements of samples at 720 nm using a Varian Cary 50 single beam spectrophotometer with immersion probe (pathlenght = 20mm). Algal medium was used as blank- - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- dissolved
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test):
- Unusual cell shape: No
- Colour differences: No
- Flocculation: No
- Adherence to test vessels: No
- Aggregation of algal cells: No
- Other: No
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: No
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values:
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: Tested up to 100 mg/L, the solution was homogeneous, clear and colourless. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid: Yes
- 72h-EC50: 1.0 mg/L for growth rate inhibition and 0.43 mg/L for yield inhibition.
- Other: It was in accordance with historical data. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- See 'Overall remarks'. Biomass in controls increased by an average factor > 16 within 48h. Mean section-by-section specific growth rates CV < 35%, average specific growth rates CV < 7% in replicate controls for the whole test period.
- Conclusions:
- No reduction of growth rate or inhibiton of yield was recorded at any of the concentrations of the test item. The 48 h-NOEC was defined as 100 mg/L and the 48h-EC50 as >100 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
A freshwater algae growth inhibition test was performed with the test item according to OECD Guideline 201 under GLP conditions. A combined range-finding / limit test was performed with exponentially growing algal cultures of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed to nominal test item concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/L. Two controls were included i.e. one with and one without pH adjustment. 6 replicates were tested for the control and limit (100 mg/L) concentrations, whereas 3 replicates were tested for the 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/L test item concentrations. Exposure was 48 hours under static conditions, samples for analytical determination were taken at start and at the end of the test. Due to the highly reactive nature of the test item with water, a conventional chromatography-based method for the analytical determination of the concentration was not possible. Nevertheless, a TOC analysis was used as a surrogate analytical support. Recoveries of 77% at the start and 76% and the end of the test were obtained based on theoretical value. The study met the acceptability criteria. No reduction of growth rate or inhibiton of yield was recorded at any of the concentrations. The 48 h-NOEC was defined as 100 mg/L and the 48h-EC50 as >100 mg/L.
Reference
Table 1. Mean cell densities (*10000 cells/mL)
Nominal concentration of test item (mg/L) |
Exposure time (hours) |
||
0 |
24 |
48 |
|
Control, pH adjusted |
1.0 |
6.2 |
28.5 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
5.8 |
25.5 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
5.6 |
25.3 |
10 |
1.0 |
4.6 |
24.7 |
100 |
1.0 |
6.1 |
26.1 |
Table 2. Percentage reduction of growth rate (total test period) and percentage inhibition of yield
Nominal concentration of test substance (mg/L) |
Mean growth rate |
Yield (0-48 h) |
||
µ (0-48h) |
Reduction (%) |
* 10000 cells/mL |
Inhibition (%) |
|
Control, pH adjusted |
0.06969 |
|
27.47 |
|
Control |
0.06742 |
3.3 |
24.55 |
10.6 |
0.1 |
0.06720 |
3.6 |
24.25 |
11.7 |
1.0 |
0.06816 |
2.2 |
25.73 |
6.3 |
10 |
0.06674 |
4.2 |
23.71 |
13.7 |
100 |
0.06791 |
2.6 |
25.11 |
8.6 |
Table 3. Percentage reduction of growth rate at different time intervals
Nominal concentration of test substance (mg/L) |
Mean growth rate |
|||
µ (0-24h) |
Reduction |
µ (0-48h) |
Reduction (%) |
|
Control, pH adjusted |
0.07594 |
|
0.06344 |
|
Control |
0.07305 |
3.8 |
0.06179 |
2.6 |
0.1 |
0.07152 |
5.8 |
0.06288 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.07440 |
2.0 |
0.06191 |
2.4 |
10 |
0.06311 |
16.9 |
0.07037 |
-10.9 |
100 |
0.07489 |
1.4 |
0.06093 |
4.0 |
Table 4. pH recorded during the final test
Nominal concentration of test item (mg/L) |
Exposure time (hours) |
||
0 |
48 |
|
|
Control, pH adjusted |
8.1 |
7.9 |
|
Control |
6.7 |
7.7 |
|
100 |
6.7 |
8.0 |
|
Table 5. Measured concentrations.
Time of sampling (h) |
Sampling date |
TOC analysis date |
Nominal concentration (mg/l) |
Nominal organic carbon conc. (mg/l) |
Measured organic carbon conc. (mg/l) |
Recovery relative to nominal (%) |
0 |
12/02/2008 |
26/02/2008 |
0 100 |
0 39 |
1.1 30.1 |
- 77 |
48 |
14/02/2008 |
26/02/2008 |
0 100 |
0 39 |
1.0 29.7 |
- 74 |
Description of key information
Key study: Test method according to OECD 201. GLP study. The 48h-EC50 was > 100 mg/L and the NOEC was 100 mg/L based on growth inhibition rate.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 100 mg/L
Additional information
Key study: A freshwater algae growth inhibition test was performed with the test item, according to OECD Guideline 201 under GLP conditions. A combined range-finding limit test was performed under static conditions with exponentially growing algal cultures of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed for 48h to nominal test item concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/L. No reduction of growth rate or inhibiton of yield was recorded at any of the concentrations. The 48 h-NOEC was defined as 100 mg/L and the 48h-EC50 as >100 mg/L based on nominal concentration.
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