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EC number: 238-269-3 | CAS number: 14323-43-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- No details on analytical verification of test material concentration. Not GLP compliant. Minimum number of test concentrations used and spacing factor is not appropriate for derivation of ECx. Composition of soil is slightly different from guidance recommendations.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Impact of platinum group elements on the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida
- Author:
- Nemcova B. et al.
- Year:
- 2 013
- Bibliographic source:
- Neuroendocrinology Letters, 34(2), 5-10
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 232 (Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Application method:
- soil
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Palladium dichloride
- EC Number:
- 231-596-2
- EC Name:
- Palladium dichloride
- Cas Number:
- 7647-10-1
- Molecular formula:
- Cl2Pd
- IUPAC Name:
- palladium(2+) dichloride
- Test material form:
- other: solid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- 99.999%
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- None.
Test substrate
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Test material dissolved in appropriate amount of deionised water to attain 50% MWHC.
Stock solution made at 10 mmol/L (0.4433 g PdCl2 per 250 mL deionised water).
Test item mixed in soil immediately before use.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Folsomia candida
- Animal group:
- Collembola (soil-dwelling springtail)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Source: Ecotoxicological laboratory of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences
The following information was not specified but assumed to be the same as the study for platinum tetrachloride by Nemcova, 2012 ("Impact of platinum on the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida". Neuroendocrinology Letters, 33(3), 173-178).
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): young adults, 10-12 days of age
- Substrate: plaster of Paris/charcoal mixture, 9:1
- Feeding: fed twice a week with dried baker's yeast, 24 hr fasting before test start
- Temperature: 20 +/- 1 C
- Lighting: dark
Study design
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 28 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- None.
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 20 °C
- pH (if soil or dung study):
- 6.0 +/- 0.5
Adjusted with calcium carbonate.
pH analysed in a 1:5 mixture of soil and 1 M potassium chloride - Humidity:
- 50% of maximum water holding capacity (MWHC)
- Photoperiod and lighting:
- Light/dark cycle: 16/8
Light intensity: 400 - 800 Lux - Details on test conditions:
- - Test container (material, size): glass, capped with polyethylene lid and sealed with Parafilm (with a small hole to allow airflow)
- Amount of soil or substrate: 30g wet weight
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10 synchronised springtails
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
- Substrate: standard artificial soil
- % sand: 70
- % silt: 0
- % clay: 20 (kaolin)
- % organic material: 10 (Sphagnum peat, finely ground)
- Feeding: 2 mg granulated dry yeast on days 1 and 14 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM PdCl2 per vessel
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- boric acid
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 21 other: µmol/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: corresponding to 0.43 mg Pd/kg(dw)
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- determined as LOEC/2 (effect at first dose is 19%)
- Effect conc.:
- 2.5 other: µmol/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- corresponds to 0.05 mg Pd/kg (dry soil)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Remarks:
- self-calculated from data
- Effect conc.:
- 71.3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Remarks:
- self calculated from data
- Effect conc.:
- 584 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- In the control treatment, adult survival was 100%, the average number of juveniles per vessel was 1280 and the CV was 3%.
No significant effect of PdCl2 on mortality was found.
Survival was not affect to such an extent as reproduction. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 28d EC50 for reproduction is 101.5 mg/kg for boric acid; expected value is 100 mg/kg dry weight soil.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- One-sided ANOVA followed by analysis of means by the LSD test.
Levene's method to test for homogeneity of variances.
Non-homogenous parameters were log-transformed prior to analysis and compared with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Test material concntration (uM) | # juveniles produced | CV (%) | SD | Inhibition of reproduction (%) | No of adults at beginning of test | No of adults at end of test (average) | inhibition of mortality (%) |
5 | 1042.4 | 5 | 48.5 | 19 | 10 | 9.6 |
4 |
10 | 761.6 | 4 | 32.6 | 41 | 10 | 9.6 | 4 |
25 | 589.4 | 6 | 36.5 | 54 | 10 | 9.6 | 4 |
50 | 463.0 | 7 | 34.5 | 64 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
100 | 262.4 | 13 | 34.6 | 80 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Palladium dichloride was shown to have an effect on the reproduction of Folsomia candida under the chosen test conditions. The 28-day reproduction EC50 was found to be 21.0 µmol/L, corresponding to an estimated EC50 of 584 mg Pd/kg(dw). The EC10 values were estimated at 2.57 µmol/L, corresponding to an estimated EC10 of 71.3 mg Pd/kg(dw).
- Executive summary:
The influence of palladium dichloride on the mortality, reproduction and growth of the species Folsomia candida was investigated according to OECD Test Guideline 232 (also CSN ISO 11267), "Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola by soil pollutants". Test specimens were placed in synthetic soil treated with nominal palladium dichloride concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM. Soil moisture was maintained at 50% MWHC and adjusted at three times a week with more water to account for system mass losses. No significant differences between the test concentrations and control were found for adult mortality. The 28-day reproduction EC50 was found to be 21.0 µmol/L, corresponding to an estimated EC50 of 584 mg Pd/kg(dw). The EC10 values were estimated at 2.57 µmol/L, corresponding to an estimated EC10 of 71.3 mg Pd/kg(dw)
The study has a reliability rating of 3 as there is no evidence of analytical verification of test material concentrations. The number of test concentrations tested was not appropriate for the derivation of the ECx (however, is suitable for derivation of the NOEC or LOEC) and the spacing factor is also higher than recommended. The composition of artificial soil varied slightly from that recommended in the guideline. The study was not conducted according to GLP.
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