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EC number: 233-899-5 | CAS number: 10421-48-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: limited data available, not related to specific test guidelines, for a general overview of toxicokinetics
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Metals and the Skin.
- Author:
- Hostynek J J, Hinz R S, Lorence C R, Price M & Guy R H
- Year:
- 1 993
- Bibliographic source:
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23(2): 171-235
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- toxicokinetics
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No specific test design information
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Iron sulphate
- EC Number:
- 231-753-5
- EC Name:
- Iron sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 7720-78-7
- IUPAC Name:
- iron(2+) sulfate
- Test material form:
- not specified
- Details on test material:
- No additonal information
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- other: no information
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- no data
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: various administrations
- Details on exposure:
- no further data
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- no specific information
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
no details
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- no data
- Positive control reference chemical:
- no data
- Details on study design:
- A review of data on the skin permeability of metals includes some information on iron. Iron is essential in a number of metabolic processes including
DNA and RNA synthesis, electron transport and oxygen metabolism in cells of plants, animals, most microorganisms and animals. The review reports that absorption, storage, mobilisation and excretion are regulated at the cell surface by a homeostatic mechanism. Percutaneous absorption of iron
has been reported only for chelated forms administered in ointments in mice. - Details on dosing and sampling:
- A review of data on the skin permeability of metals includes some information on iron. Iron is essential in a number of metabolic processes including
DNA and RNA synthesis, electron transport and oxygen metabolism in cells of plants, animals, most microorganisms and animals. The review reports that absorption, storage, mobilisation and excretion are regulated at the cell surface by a homeostatic mechanism. Percutaneous absorption of iron
has been reported only for chelated forms administered in ointments in mice. - Statistics:
- no data
Results and discussion
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- A review of data on the skin permeability of metals includes some information on iron. Iron is essential in a number of metabolic processes including
DNA and RNA synthesis, electron transport and oxygen metabolism in cells of plants, animals, most microorganisms and animals. The review reports that absorption, storage, mobilisation and excretion are regulated at the cell surface by a homeostatic mechanism. Percutaneous absorption of iron
has been reported only for chelated forms administered in ointments in mice. - Details on distribution in tissues:
- The average adult stores about 1 to 3 grams of iron in his or her body. Iron is almost never found in the free ionic state in living cells in appreciable concentrations; it is chaperoned in the form of protein complexes immediately it is absorbed from the diet. In the blood plasma it is transported (as FeII) by the protein transferrin, which passes it on to dividing cells, particularly the cells in the bone marrow that are the precursors of the red blood cells. This is mediated by the transferrin receptor. Transferrin, which binds iron with high affinity is only 20-35% saturated, thus the concentration of unbound iron is very low (0.5–1.5 mg/L (9–27 μmol/L). Iron is stored principally in the liver in the large proteins haemosiderin and ferretin, although these are also found in all cells and in the blood in lower concentrations. Ferritin exists as hollow spheres of 24 protein subunits and iron is taken up in the FeII state but stored as FeIII. As with transferrin, it is stored in a redox-inactive (and therefore non-toxic) form. Ferritin is also important in recycling iron within the body and is an important biological indicator of iron balance. One consequence of the parsimonious conservation of iron is that if there is an excess of the element within the body, there is no biochemical mechanism for its excretion and this may result in both severe and chronic symptoms if large amounts are ingested
- Details on excretion:
- One consequence of the parsimonious conservation of iron is that if there is an excess of the element within the body, there is no biochemical mechanism for its excretion and this may result in both severe and chronic symptoms if large amounts are ingested. The daily losses of iron from the human body correspond to a biological half-time of iron of 10 to 20 years.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- no
- Details on metabolites:
- not applicable, water soluble inorganic iron salts do not undergo metabolism per se. Iron is bound to transferrin for transport to the bone marrow or contained within storage forms.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): low bioaccumulation potential based on study results
A review of data on the skin permeability of metals includes some information on iron. Iron is essential in a number of metabolic processes including
DNA and RNA synthesis, electron transport and oxygen metabolism in cells of plants, animals, most microorganisms and animals. The review reports that absorption, storage, mobilisation and excretion are regulated at the cell surface by a homeostatic mechanism. Percutaneous absorption of iron
has been reported only for chelated forms administered in ointments in mice. - Executive summary:
A review of data on the skin permeability of metals includes some information on iron. Iron is essential in a number of metabolic processes including
DNA and RNA synthesis, electron transport and oxygen metabolism in cells of plants, animals, most microorganisms and animals. The review reports that absorption, storage, mobilisation and excretion are regulated at the cell surface by a homeostatic mechanism. Percutaneous absorption of iron
has been reported only for chelated forms administered in ointments in mice.
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