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EC number: 203-632-7 | CAS number: 108-95-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / micronucleus study
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study meets generally accepted scientific standards. Final OECD Guideline 487 not available.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Evaluation of the micronucleus test in vitro using Chinese hamster cells: Results of four chemicals weakly positive in the In vivo micronucleus test
- Author:
- Miller BM, Pujadas E, Gocke E
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ Mol Mutagen 26: 240-247
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Draft OECD Guideline 487
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol
- EC Number:
- 203-632-7
- EC Name:
- Phenol
- Cas Number:
- 108-95-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O
- IUPAC Name:
- phenol
- Details on test material:
- - Analytical purity: ca. 99%
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): no data
- Lot/batch No.: Lot 71663
- Stability under test conditions: no data, but stability in aqueous solution has been shown in other studies
- Storage condition of test material: no data
- Source: Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- Target: chromosome
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- CHO-K5 originally obtained from T. Hertner, Ciba, Summit, NJ
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 liver fraction of phenobarbital\beta-naphthoflavone -induced rats
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- with metabolic action (MA): 350-2.000 µg/ml
without MA 10-250 µg/ml
see also Table below - Vehicle / solvent:
- Medium
Controls
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 1 µg/ml bleomycin (-MA) or 5 µg/ml cyclophosphamide (+MA)
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION:
Test substance in medium
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 24 h
- Exposure duration: after preincubation cells incubated with fresh medium plus test substance for 48 h (without MA) or incubated in fresh medium plus test substance plus MA system for 3 h, washed with PBS and incubated for further 45 h in fresh medium
- Fixation: after exposure period cells were washed with PBS and fixed with methanol containing I% acetic acid
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: minimum of two parallel cultures in two independent trials
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED for MN: 1000 per culture
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY: phenol tested up to concentrations showing signs of toxicity (reduction of the cell density by at least 25% compared to the control combined with an altered morphology of the cells)
DETERMINATION of micronuclei: Slides with cells air-dried and then treated with RNAse, after washing with demineralized water slides were air-dried again & stained with 5% Giemsa, only mononucleated cells with well-preserved cytoplasm containing five or fewer MN were scored (exclusion of apoptosis & nuclear fragmentation) - Evaluation criteria:
- positive result: a dose-related effect showing an increase of the MN frequency over the control by about threefold or higher in at least one dose tested.
- Statistics:
- No data (not mandatory)
Results and discussion
Test results
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- Without MA
Phenol caused slight increase in MN accompanied by cytotoxicity; highest concentration of 250 µg/ml increased the MN frequency by factors of 3.5 and 3 (experiment A and B, respectively; see Table below); negative controls in parallel experiments ranged from 2.0 to 2.7% MN without MA (compare with concurrent control in the Table below).
With MA
350-2.000 µg/ml tested; highest concentration was highly toxic to the cells and increased the MN rate by a factor of about 4.8 (exp, A) and 7.0 (exp. B); negative controls in parallel experiments ranged from 2.4 to 3.9% MN with MA (compare with concurrent control)
Any other information on results incl. tables
Micronuclei induced by phenol in CHO cells
Concentration in µg/ml |
% MN in Experiment A |
% MN in Experiment B |
Without metabolic action |
||
0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
10 |
3.0 |
- |
50 |
4.5 |
2.6 |
100 |
6.6 |
3.6 |
175 |
9.9# |
4.8 |
250 |
9.4# |
6.8 |
With metabolic activation |
||
0 |
3.3 |
2.4 |
350 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
475 |
3.4 |
- |
600 |
2.9 |
- |
800 |
4.4 |
- |
1000 |
6.6 |
4.8 |
1500 |
- |
5.8 |
2000 |
12.4# |
16.9# |
#: cytotoxic effects; -: not tested |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
positive (weak positive effects at cytotoxic dose levels)
Phenol induced increased incidence in micronuclei in CHO cells at high dose levels resulting also in cytotoxic effects. - Executive summary:
The study meets generally accepted scientific standards.
In two independent experiments CHO cells were exposed to phenol at dose levels of 350 -2.000 µg/ml (with metabolic action (MA); exposure duration 3 h, 45 h incubation without test substance) or 10 -250 µg/ml (without MA; exposure duration 48 h). 1000 cells per culture were scored for micronuclei. Phenol caused slight increase in MN accompanied by cytotoxicity (without MA: 250 µg/ml increased the MN frequency by factors of 3.5 and 3, respectively in experiment A & B; with MA: 2000 µg/ml was highly toxic and increased the MN rate by a factor of 4.8 and 7.0, respectively).
Conclusion: Phenol induced increased incidence in micronuclei in CHO cells at high dose levels resulting also in cytotoxic effects.
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