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EC number: 215-160-9 | CAS number: 1308-38-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to other aquatic vertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: See 'Remarks'
- Remarks:
- The test methodology is not described in sufficient detail and the test did not follow a guideline protocol. No information is provided on the natural variation of developmental malformations in the tested species, which makes evaluation of observed effects difficult. Replication is very low, assuming that tests were only performed twice with one replicate per test concentration. Observations regarding survival of embryos (incl. control survival) are not reported in detail.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Developmental toxicity of chromium(III) sulfate to three different species of amphibians (frog: Rana esculenta; newts:Triturius vulgaris meridionalis and Pleurodeles waltl) were determined by exposing embyros at the early blastula (stage 4) up to the stage of hatching (170 h in newts; 120 h in frogs).
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Samples of all test solutions were taken prior to test start
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Controls: Negative control - Aquatic vertebrate type (other than fish):
- other: Newts and Frogs
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Triturus vulgaris meridionalis, Pleurodeles walti, Rana esculenta
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Newts: Common newt (Lissotriton vulgaris, formerly Triturus vulgaris), Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl); Frogs: edible frog (Rana esculenta)
- Source: Triturus vulgaris meridionalis and Rana esculenta complex were freshly collected near Pisa; Pleurodeles waltl was obtained from Prof. J.-C. Lacroix (Paris).
- Age at study initiation: Embryos at early blastula stage 4
- Method of breeding: Adult specimens were housed at 18±2°C in aquaria on a 16 h light and 8 h dark photoperiod. Embryos used in this study were obtained by artificial fertilization. Fertilized eggs from P. waltl were obtained by induced breeding. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 170 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Embryos were exposed up to hatching (170 h in newts and 120 h in frogs)
- Test temperature:
- 18±2°C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.00015, 0.0015, 0.015, 0.15, 1.5 mM Cr(III)
(= 0.0078, 0.078, 0.78, 7.8, 78.0 mg Cr(III)/L) - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Petri dish
- No. of organisms per vessel: 15
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): ≥ 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): ≥ 2
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Embryo survival and developmental abnormalities - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 120 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.78 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- other: developmental malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: Rana esculenta
- Duration:
- 120 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 7.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- other: developmental malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: Rana esculenta
- Duration:
- 170 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.008 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- other: developmental malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: Triturius vulgaris meridionalis
- Duration:
- 170 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 7.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- other: developmental malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pleurodeles waltl
- Duration:
- 170 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 78 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- other: developmental malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pleurodeles waltl
- Details on results:
- - Other biological observations: The concentration of 0.15 mM of Cr(III) induces serious malformations starting from early neurula in embryos of T. v. meridionalis, while it does not significantly affect development of P. waltl embryos. The embryos of Rana show an intermediate response to this treatment. The lowest concentrations of chromium(I/I) tested in our experiments (0.00015, 0.0015 and 0.015 mM) do not affect the development of P. waltl and Rana, while they induce a wide range of malformations in embryos of T. v. meridionalis. The treated embryos show a concentration-related pattern of severe anomalies, the most frequent of which are ocular, skeletal, ventral and caudal deformities.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons using SNK test were performed with Statistica 5.0 software for MS-DOS.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Fertilized embryos of newts and frogs were exposed to chromium(III) sulphate concentrations ranging from 0.0078 to 78.0 mg/L. The embryos were exposed up to the point of hatching and the survival rate and malformations during development were documented. Serious malformations were observed in all species: For the newt species Triturius vulgaris meridionalis effects were observed already at the lowest test concentration (170 h LOEC: 0.0078 mg Cr/L (nominal)), while Pleurodeles waltl was affected only at 78.0 mg/L (170 h NOEC: 7.8 mg Cr/L (nominal)). The frog Rana esculenta showed significant malformations at 7.8 and 78.0 mg cr/L, thus a 120 h NOEC of 0.78 mg Cr/L (nominal) can be derived.
Reference
Description of key information
Additional information
One supporting study (Klimisch 3) on the toxicity to other aquatic vertebrates is available:
The developmental toxicity of chromium (III) sulfate to three different species of amphibians (frog: Rana esculenta; newts:Triturius vulgaris meridionalis and Pleurodeles waltl) was determined by exposing embyros at the early blastula (stage 4) up to the stage of hatching (170 h in newts; 120 h in frogs) (Calevro et al., 1998). Fertilized embryos of newts and frogs were exposed to chromium (III) sulphate concentrations ranging from 0.0078 to 78.0 mg/L up to hatching. Survival rate and malformations during the development were documented. Serious malformations were observed in all species: For the newt T. vulgaris meridionalis, effects were observed already at the lowest test concentration (170 h LOEC: 0.0078 mg Cr/L (nominal)) whereas P. waltl was affected at 78.0 mg/L (170 h NOEC: 7.8 mg Cr/L (nominal)). Significant malformations of the frog R. esculenta were reported at 7.8 and 78.0 mg cr/L, thus a 120 h NOEC of 0.78 mg Cr/L (nominal) can be derived. The study and obtained results are however regarded as supporting only, since the tests cannot be considered reliable due to the shortcomings.
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