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Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

There is no in vitro genetic toxicity data available for Tridecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to Tridecane based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

All read across genetic toxicity tests listed below had negative results for Tridecane.

 

Genetic Toxicity in vitro– Bacterial reverse mutation assay (OECD 471)

Genetic Toxicity in vitro– Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (OECD TG 473)

Genetic Toxicity in vitro- Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (OECD TG 476)

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1998
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Acceptable, well-documented study report equivalent or similar to OECD guideline 471: (GLP).
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
Species / strain / cell type:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S-9)
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Test #1 (8, 40, 200, 1000, 5000 ug/plate)
Test #2 (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 ug/plate)
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: [ethanol]
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 9-aminoacridine, 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, glutaraldehyde
Evaluation criteria:
The test article was considered to be mutagenic if:
1) the assay was valid
2) Dunnett's test gave a significant response (<=0.01), and the data set showed a significant dose-correlation.
3) the positive responses described in 2) were reproducible.
Statistics:
The m-statistic was calculated to check that the data were Poisson-distributed, and Dunnett's test was used to compare the counts of each dose with the control. The presence or otherwise of a dose response was checked by linear regression analysis.
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
not valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative

The bacterial reverse mutation test to assess the genotoxicity of the test material was negative. This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP).
Executive summary:

SHELLSOL D60 was examined for mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test using histidine-requiring Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, 1537, 98 and 100 and the tryptophan requiring Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, in the absence and presence of a liver S9 fraction for metabolic activation.  Two tests were performed: Test #1 (8, 40, 200, 1000, 5000 ug/plate), Test #2 (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 ug/plate).  The material was not cytotoxic.  In all cases, SHELLSOL D60 did not induce any significant changes in the number of revertant colonies, with or without metabolic activation.   It is concluded in this study that SHELLSOL D60 is not a mutagenic agent.   This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP).

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1985/07/05-1985/07/15
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Acceptable well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles: GLP.
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay
Target gene:
Not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1538
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9 liver fractions from Aroclor exposed rats
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Tests (done in triplicate) with and without Metabolic Activation: Acetone (vehicle control), 0, 50, 150, 500, 1500, 5000 ug/plate
Vehicle control: 0.1 ml/plate acetone
Positive controls: 0.5ug/plate 2AA, 5ug/plate MNNG, 80ug/plate 9AA, 2ug/plate 2NF
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: acetone
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
0.1 ml/plate Acetone
True negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
non treated
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: TA 1537 (+S9 2-aminoanthracene) TA 1537 (-S9 9-aminoacridine); TA 98 (-S9 2-nitrofluorene) (+S9 2-aminoanthracene); TA100 (-S9 MNNG) (+S9 2-aminoanthracene); TA1535 (-S9 MNNG) (+S9 2-aminoanthracene); TA138(-S9 2-Nitrofluorene) (+S9 2-aminoanthracene)
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 72 hours


NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS:
- triplicate

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: reduction in the number of revertants and/or clearing of the background lawn of bacterial growth
Evaluation criteria:
The mutagenicity study is considered valid if the mean colony counts of the control values of the strains are within acceptable ranges, if the positive controls meet the criteria for a positive response and if no more than 5% of the plates are lost through contamination or other unforeseen events.

A test substance is considered to be positive in the bacterial gene mutation test if the mean number of revertant colonies on the test plates increase in a concentration-related manner and/or if it is a reproducible two-fold or more increase is observed compared to that on the negative control plates.

A test substance is considered negative in the bacterial gene mutation test if it produces neither a dose-related increase in the mean number of revertant colonies nor a reproducible positive response at any of the test points.

Positive results from the bacterial reverse mutation test indicate that a substance induces point mutations by base substitution for frameshifts in the genome of Salmonella typhimurium. Negative results indicate that under the test conditions, the test substance is not mutagenic.
Statistics:
The mean plate count and standard deviation for each dose point were determined. Any test value that was equal to or greater than two times the mean value of the concurrent vehicle control was considered to be a positive dose.
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Remarks:
not cytotoxic up to 5,000ug/plate
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Remarks:
not cytotoxic up to 5,000ug/plate
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Remarks:
not cytotoxic up to 5,000ug/plate
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1538
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative

Based on these data, classification under EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations and under EU GHS guidelines is not required.
Executive summary:

Petrepar 120 was examined for mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test using histidine-requiring Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, 1537, 1538, 98, and 100 in the absence and presence of a liver S9 fraction for metabolic activation. The test was performed in triplicate using doses of 0, 50, 150, 500, 1500, 5000 ug/plate.  In all cases, Petrepar 120 did not induce any significant changes in the number of revertant colonies.  It is concluded in this study that Petrepar 120 is not a mutagenic agent and classification under EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines is not required, nor is it required under EU GHS guidelines.

Endpoint:
in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1998
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: “Acceptable, well-documented study report equivalent or similar to OECD guideline 473: GLP
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
Target gene:
N/A
Species / strain / cell type:
primary culture, other: human lymphocytes from two male and one female donor
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Experiment 1 without S9 (40.36, 57.66, 82.34 ug/ml);
Experiment 1 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 17 hour recovery (490, 700, 1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 without S9 20h treatment 0h recovery (22.52, 28.15, 35.18 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 17 hours recovery (640, 800, 1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 41 hours recovery (1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 3 without S9 for 20 hours treatment and 0 hours recovery (28.15, 35.19, 43.99 ug/ml)
Experiment 3 without S9 for 44 hours and 0 hours recovery (43.99 ug/ml)
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: acetone
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
yes
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 4-nitroquinoline, cyclophosphamide
Evaluation criteria:
1) a statistically significant increase in the proportion of cells with structural aberrations (excluding gaps) occurred at one or more concentrations, and 2) the proportion of cells with structural aberrations at such doses exceeded normal range, and 3) the results confirmed in the second experiment. A positive result only at delayed harvest in Experiment 2 was to be taken as evidence of clastogenicity provided criteria 1 and 2 were met. Increases in numbers of cells with gaps or increases in the proportions of cells with structural aberrations, not exceeding the normal range or occurring only at very high or very toxic concentrations, were likely to be concluded as equivocal. Full assessment of the biological importance of such increases is likely to be possible with reference to data from other test systems. Cells with exchange aberrations or cells with greater than one aberration were to be considered of particular biological significance.
Species / strain:
primary culture, other: human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative

The mammalian chromosomal aberration test to assess the genotoxicity of SHELLSOL D70 was negative. This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) or under Directive 67/518/EEC for dangerous substances and Directive 1999/45/EC for preparations.
Executive summary:

The potential of SHELLSOL D70 to cause chromosome aberration was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes with and without the metabolic activation S9 system. Negative and positive control substances were include in both experiments to confirm the activity and sensitivity of the test systems.  In the first experiment, the maximum dose levels selected for chromosome analysis were 82.34 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml, in the absence and presence of S9 respectively.  These dose levels caused inhibitions of the mitotic index of 57% and 30% respectively.  In the second experiment, the highest concentration used for chromosome analysis were 35,18 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml in the absence and presence of S9 respectively, these gave a reduction in the mitotic index of 52% and 12% respectively.  In both Experiments 1 and 2 in the presence of S9; and in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 only there were no significant increases in the frequency of the cells with structural aberrations in cultures treated with SHELLSOL D70.  Following treatment in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 there was a significant increase in the frequency of structural aberrations at the lowest dose analyzed (22.52ug/ml).  Additional doses from Experiment 1 were analyzed (19.79 and 28.25 ug/ml) to confirm whether this effect was only apparent at low concentrations.  No increase in the frequency of structural aberrations was apparent at these concentrations.  In order to further clarify the findings seen in the initial experiments, a third experiment was performed in which there were no significant increases in the frequency of cells with structural aberrations in all cultures treated with SHELLSOL D70.  Since the increase in structural aberrations seen at 22.52 ug/ml in Experiment 2 was not apparent in other experiments at similar or higher concentrations, the effect was considered to be non-reproducible and of no biological importance.  Based on these results, it is concluded that SHELLSOL D70 did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured lymphocytes when tested to its limit of toxicity in both the absence and presence of S9.  This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) or under Directive 67/518/EEC for dangerous substances and Directive 1999/45/EC for preparations.

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1982
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Well conducted study according to sound scientific principles.
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
no
Type of assay:
mammalian cell gene mutation assay
Target gene:
TK+/ phenotype
Species / strain / cell type:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
TK+/ phenotype of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells from subline 3.7.2C
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
Aroclor
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
up to was 1000 ug/mL in dimethylsulfoxide (maximum dose)
Vehicle / solvent:
dimethylsulfoxide
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
no
Remarks:
DMSO
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
not specified
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
This assay was performed with the TK+/ phenotype of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells from subline 3.7.2C using a minimum of eight test compound doses with and without metabolic activation by an Aroclor induced rat liver microsomal fraction. Appropriate negative, solvent, and positive controls were included with each assay. The test compound dose levels were determined by a preliminary multidose ranging study with the highest dose targeted to give approximately fifty to ninety percent inhibition of suspension cell growth depending on the solubility of the compound. C10-C13 isoalkanes achieved a homogeneous mixture at approximately 100 mg/ml in dimethylsulfoxide. The maximum dose selected for the mutagenicity test was 1000 ug/ml because it represents the limits of solubility of the test material.
Species / strain:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative with and without metabolic activation

Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.
Executive summary:

Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

There is no in vivo genetic toxicity data available for Tridecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C12, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C10-C13 n-alkanes, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to Tridecane based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

All read across genetic toxicity tests listed below had negative results for Tridecane.

 

Genetic Toxicityin vivo- Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (equivalent/similar to OECD 474)

Genetic Toxicityin vivo- mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1991
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Acceptable, well-documented study report equivalent or similar to OECD guideline 474: GLP
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
Principles of method if other than guideline:
According to US EPA Guideline 84-2
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
micronucleus assay
Species:
mouse
Strain:
CD-1
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: ca. 8-9 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 21-40 grams
- Assigned to test groups randomly: [no/yes, under following basis: computer generated, body weight sorting program
- Housing: individual
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 28 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 68-76
- Humidity (%): 40-70
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: corn oil
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage or dermal): not to exceed 1ml/100 grams bw
- Purity: assumed to be 100% pure
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test material was weighted out and on the day of dosing, mixed with the carrier to provide stock solutions such that individual animal dose volumes did not exceed 1ml/100grams body weight. The mice were administered 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 grams of test material/kg of body weight. Corn oil served as the carrier for the test material and was dosed at the same volume as the test material.

Duration of treatment / exposure:
Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing.
Positive control animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection
Frequency of treatment:
Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing
Post exposure period:
Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
5.0 g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
2.5g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
1.25 g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.
No. of animals per sex per dose:
30 animals (5 male; 5 female)/dose; 10/timepoint
Positive control(s):
cyclophosphamide;

- Route of administration: intraperitoneal injection
- Doses / concentrations:40 mg/kg using water as the carrier
Tissues and cell types examined:
Bone marrows were collected and extracted, smear preparations made and stained. Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were scored for each animal.
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION: Range finding study was performed using 5.0, 2.5, and 1.0 gram of test material per kg of body weight. Two males and two females were used for each dose group. All animals survived and were sacrificed 24 hours after dosing. bome marrow was removed and slides were prepared. Slides were evaluated for percent of polychromatic erythrocytes in 1000 erythrocytes and for number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes.




DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: After sacrifice, both femurs were removed. The bone marrow was then removed and suspended in fetal bovine serum. After the suspension was centrifuged, the pellet was resuspended and smears were prepared (two slides per animal). Slides were labeled with blind coding. Slides were stained using acridine orange. 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes from each animal were examined for the presence of micronuclei, and the ratio of PCE’s to NCE’s determined


METHOD OF ANALYSIS: staining color, and circular appearance and a diameter between 1/20 and 1/5 of the cell's diameter


Statistics:
Statistical analysis included calculation of means and standard deviations of the micronuclei data and a test of equality of group means by a standard one way analysis of variance at each time period. When the ANOVA was significant, comparisons of carrier control to dosed group means were made according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. A standard regression analysis was performed to test for a dose response. Residuals from the ANOVA were analyzed for normality by Wilk’s Criterion. The residuals were normally distributed (values were greater than 0.01 level of significance) in more than 25% of the analyses. Therefore nonparametric analysis were not performed. Sexes were analyzed separately
Sex:
male/female
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
no effects
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
No deaths or clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals dosed with the test material up to the maximum recommended dose of 5g/kg
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative
The in vivo micronucleus assay of MRD-89-582 in mice was negative. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations.
Executive summary:

MRD-89-582 was examined for its potential to induce chromosomal damage in bone marrow erythrocytes in mice dosed by oral gavage at concentrations of 5.0,2.5, and 1.25 g/kg. Vehicle and positive control animals received corn oil and cyclophosphamide, respectively.  Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation 24, 48 and 72 hours after dosing.  MRD-89-582 did not induce a statistically significant change in the PCE/NCE ratio in any of the test material dose groups when compared to their concurrent vehicle control groups. The positive control material (cyclophosphamide) produced a marked increase in the frequency of micronucleated PCE when compared to the concurrent vehicle control group The test material was considered to be non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic under the conditions of the test. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.

Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1990/10/24 - 1990/11/30
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: According to or similar to OECD Guideline 474. GLP
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
micronucleus assay
Species:
mouse
Strain:
CD-1
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc.
Sex: Male (65), Female (65)
Age at study initiation: Approximately 9-10 weeks
Weight at study initiation: 23-39g
Housing: Individually
Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rodent 5002 chow (pellets), ad libitum
Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system, ad libitum
Acclimation period: 7d

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature (°F): 68-76
Humidity (%): 40-70%
Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
Corn oil was used. Dose volume did not exceed 1.0 ml/100 g bw.
Details on exposure:
The test material and the carrier were administered by oral gavage as a single dose. The carrier was dosed at a volume equal to the test material dose volume. The individual animal dose volumes did not exceed 1.0 ml/100 g body weight; animals were administered 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g test material/ kg body weight. The positive control, cyclophosphamide was administered as a single dose of 40 mg/kg using water as a carrier.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
Animals were sacrificed 24, 48, and 72 hours after dose administration.
Frequency of treatment:
One dose was given at either 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g test material/ kg body weight. Cyclophosphamide was dosed at 40 mg/kg.
Post exposure period:
Animals were sacrificed 24, 48, and 72 hours after dose administration.
No. of animals per sex per dose:
Male (65), Female (65) ; 5 Males and 5 Females per treatment group
Positive control(s):
The positive control, cyclophosphamide was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg) using water as a carrier.
Tissues and cell types examined:
Erythrocytes derived from femur bone marrow.
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
Immediately following the sacrifice of the animals, both femurs were removed and the bone marrow was removed and suspended in fetal bovine serum. After the suspension was centrifuged the pellet was resuspended and smears were prepared (two slides per animal).
Evaluation criteria:
Slides were stained using acridine orange; polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) stained red/orange, nonchromatic erythrocytes (NCE) are unstained (dull green), and micronuclei stain bright yellow. Additional criteria for scoring micronuclei are a circular appearance and a diameter between 1/20 and 1/5 of the cell’s diameter. 1000 PCE from each animal were examined for the presence of micronuclei and the ratio of PCE to NCE was determined for each animal by counting 1000 erythrocytes (PCE and NCE).
Statistics:
Calculation of means and standard deviations of the micronuclei data and a test of equality of group means by a standard one way analysis of variance at each time period (ANOVA). When ANOVA was significant, comparisons of carrier control to dosed group means were made according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

A standard regression analysis was performed to test for a dose response.
Residuals from the ANOVA were analyzed for normality by Wilk’s Criterion. The residuals were normally distributed (values were greater than 0.01 level of significance). Therefore nonparametric analysis was not performed.

Sexes were analyzed separately.
Key result
Sex:
male/female
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
no effects
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
The positive control (cyclophosphamide) induced a statistically significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, indicating that the positive control was clastogenic and was responding in an appropriate manner. Carrier control values for the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes and for the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes are within the normal range for the corn oil control. MRD-90-874 did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes which is a measure of bone marrow toxicity. MRD-90-874 did not induce a statistically significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. MRD-90-874 did not induce a significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. MRD-90-874 was not cytotoxic at doses up to 5.0 g/kg to mouse bone marrow under the conditions of this test.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results: negative
These data indicate that MRD-90-874 is not cytotoxic and is not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg of body weight.
Executive summary:

The test material, MRD-90-874 was tested in the mammalian bone marrow micronucleus assay using CD-1 mice.  MRD-90-874 was tested at 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals following exposure and did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes or an increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.  Both the positive (cyclophosphamide) and the negative (carrier) controls behaved in an appropriate manner.  These data indicate that MRD-90-874 is not cytotoxic and is not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg.

Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
1998
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Acceptable well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles.
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
P32-postlabeling of DNA adducts developed by Randerath. (K. Randerath, MV Reddy, RC Gupta (1981) 32P-labeling test for DNA damage. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 78, 6126-6129. This procedure is one of the most sensitive procedures for detecting DNA adducts and has been used to demonstrate the absence of genotoxicity in vivo for a number of compounds
GLP compliance:
not specified
Type of assay:
other: DNA adduct
Species:
mouse
Strain:
C3H
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River
- Age at study initiation: 8-11 weeks
- Assigned to test groups randomly: [no/yes, under following basis: ]
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 1 week


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12


Route of administration:
dermal
Details on exposure:
The dorsal region of animals were shaved and only animals in resting hair phase were used. Animals were treated cutaneously with varying amounts of undiluted n-decane (C10) and n-dodecane (C12) in a series of short term exposures designed to permit comparisons with skin carcinogencity studies and to determine whether there was a treatment related dose response for genotoxicity. Groups of animals (4 per dose group) were treated at 3 dose levels of either n-decane, or n-dodecane. The three treatment groups were treated with either i) 25ul for 24h, ii) 25ul for 24h then 25ul for a further 24h, iii) 25ul for 24h, 25ul for a further 24h and then 25 ul for a final 24 h. For a positive control, animals were treated with 25ul n-dodecane containing 1ug of benzo(a)pyrene as a representative genotoxic carcinogenic PAH. An untreated group of mice that were handled in identical conditions to treated group served as negative controls.

The dose was applied to the shaved dermal area of each mouse in either single or multiple applications. A volume of 25ul was applied per animal per application. This volume covered most of the shaved area. Care was taken during application of the dose to avoid loss of the dose into surrounding unshaved areas. Positive control animals were treated with 1 ug benzo(a)pyrene per animals in 25ul n-dodecane.
Control animals:
yes, concurrent no treatment
Positive control(s):
animals were treated with 1ug benzo(a)pyrene per animal in 25ul n-dodecane
Tissues and cell types examined:
The area of the treated skin was dissected and stored individually in glass tubes at -80°C until DNA extraction. The skins were trimmed of any extraneous subcutaneous fat and peripheral hair, then treated with depilatory cream for 5 min at room temperature. The cream was removed, the treated skin sample was placed in warm water at 532°C for 30 seconds, followed by quenching in ice cold water for 15 seconds. The epidermal layer was removed by scraping. The epidermal samples were pooled, homogenized in 2.0ml PBS/lysis buffer. DNA was extracted: 2-mercaptoethanol (60l) and Proteinase K (60 units) were added and the samples incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. DNA was extracted by phenol chloroform extraction using an automated nucleic acid extracted. The recovered DNA was dissolved in water.
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
Enzymatic digestion of DNA to 3’-monophosphate nucleotides:
DNA was treated with micrococcal nuclease, spleen phosphodiesterase, 10x sodium succinate/calcium chloride buffer pH 6.0, and incubated at 37°C for 3.5 hours. Dephosphorylation of normal nucleotides was effected with nuclease P1, 1mM ZnCl2, 400mM sodium acetate pH5.0 (0.7l), H2O (1.2l) and incubation at 37°C for 40 minutes. 1M Bicine buffer pH9.6 was added and the samples evaporated to dryness.
32P-Post-labelling of DNA:
Analyses were carried out at least in triplicate. Digested dephosphorylated DNA samples were labeled using the methods of Raderath (1981) and Reddy and Randerath (1994). To each sample 10x Kinase buffer (200mM Bicine, 100mM MgCl2*6 H2O, 100mM dithirothreitol, 10mM spermidine pH 9.6), H2O, poynucleotide kinase, unlabelled ATP and [32P]-ATP were added, mixed thoroughly and then incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. Labled samples were applied to PEI-cellulose plates fitted with wicks and developed in direction D1 (2.3M sodium phosphate pH5.3) for 16 hours. After elution in the D1 direction the sheets were trimmed and the wick, discarded. The sheets were washed in water with occasional agitation and then air dried. The samples were chromatographed in direction D3 (4.5M lithium formatted and 8.5M urea pH 3.5) and D4 (0.8M lithium chloride 0.5M tris-HCL and 8.5M urea pH 8.0) for 7-8 hours with a short wick attached to the leading edge of the TLC plate. After thoroughly washing in distilled water, the TLC plates were dried, a wick attached and a final elution in D5 performed (1.7M sodium phosphate pH 6.0).

Radioactive areas were idenfied and quantified using a Packard instant Imager with Packard Imager for Windows V2.01 software, Packard Instrument Compannty. Autoradiography was performed using Lightning Plus Intensifying Screens and BioMax film. Exposure was for at least 72 hours.

The labeling efficiency of the postlabelling assay was determined by adding a known amount of the reference DNA adduct BP dG-3’-monophosphate to the enzymic digest of epidermal DNA immediately prior to carrying out the 32P-labelling step.
Sex:
male/female
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
no effects
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results:: negative
32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane. The absences of adducts indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.
Executive summary:

C3H mice were treated cutaneously with a range of doses (1x25ml to 3x25ml per animal; ca. 900-2750mg/kg) of either n-decane or n-dodecane for periods ranging from 24 to 72 hours.  The DNA was isolated for the epidermis of the treated skin and subjected to 32P-postlabeling analysis.  A group of untreated control animals was untreated and maintained under the same conditions as the exposed groups.  For a positive control, a group of mice was treated with benzo(a)pyrene in 25ul dodecane at a level of 1ug per animal, a dose which is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than a single carcinogenic dose of benzo(a)pyrene for this species.  For a positive control test of the 32P-postlabelling assay, DNA from mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene in THF was used.  32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane.  The positive control adduct was easily detectable.  The limit of detection of the procedure was about 1 adduct in 109 nucleotides using 10mg samples of DNA.  The absences of adducts with this level of sensitivity of adduct detection indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.  

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

There is no in vitro or in vivo genetic toxicity data available for Tridecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C12, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to Tridecane based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

 

In Vitro

 

In vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

In a key OECD Guideline 471 (Shell, 1998) study, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) was examined for mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test using histidine-requiring Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, 1537, 98 and 100 and the tryptophan requiring Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, in the absence and presence of a liver S9 fraction for metabolic activation.  Two tests were performed: Test #1 (8, 40, 200, 1000, 5000 ug/plate), Test #2 (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 ug/plate).  The material was not cytotoxic.  In all cases, the test material did not induce any significant changes in the number of revertant colonies, with or without metabolic activation.   It is concluded in this study that Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics are not mutagenic agents.   This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) or under Directive 67/518/EEC for dangerous substances and Directive 1999/45/EC for preparations.

In a key study (Cepsa Quimica, 1985) equivalent/similar to OECD Guideline 471, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics) was examined for mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test using histidine-requiring Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, 1537, 1538, 98, and 100 in the absence and presence of a liver S9 fraction for metabolic activation. The test was performed in triplicate using doses of 0, 50, 150, 500, 1500, 5000 ug/plate.  In all cases, the test material did not induce any significant changes in the number of revertant colonies.  It is concluded in this study that the test material is not a mutagenic agent and classification under EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines is not required, nor is it required under EU GHS guidelines.

 

In vitro Chromosome Aberration in Mammalian Cells

In a key OECD Guideline 473 study (Shell, 1998), the potential of the test material (Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) to cause chromosome aberration was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes with and without the metabolic activation S9 system. Negative and positive control substances were include in both experiments to confirm the activity and sensitivity of the test systems.  In the first experiment, the maximum dose levels selected for chromosome analysis were 82.34 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml, in the absence and presence of S9 respectively.  These dose levels caused inhibitions of the mitotic index of 57% and 30% respectively.  In the second experiment, the highest concentration used for chromosome analysis were 35,18 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml in the absence and presence of S9 respectively, these gave a reduction in the mitotic index of 52% and 12% respectively.  In both Experiments 1 and 2 in the presence of S9; and in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 only there were no significant increases in the frequency of the cells with structural aberrations in cultures treated with the test material.  Following treatment in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 there was a significant increase in the frequency of structural aberrations at the lowest dose analyzed (22.52ug/ml).  Additional doses from Experiment 1 were analyzed (19.79 and 28.25 ug/ml) to confirm whether this effect was only apparent at low concentrations.  No increase in the frequency of structural aberrations was apparent at these concentrations.  In order to further clarify the findings seen in the initial experiments, a third experiment was performed in which there were no significant increases in the frequency of cells with structural aberrations in all cultures treated with the test material.  Since the increase in structural aberrations seen at 22.52 ug/ml in Experiment 2 was not apparent in other experiments at similar or higher concentrations, the effect was considered to be non-reproducible and of no biological importance.  Based on these results, it is concluded that Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured lymphocytes when tested to its limit of toxicity in both the absence and presence of S9.

 

In vitro Gene Mutation study in Mammalian Cells

In a key study (Chevron, 1982), exposure to eight graded doses of the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes) in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

 

In Vivo

 

In a key study (Exxon, 1991) equivalent/similar to OECD Guideline 474, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) was examined for its potential to induce chromosomal damage in bone marrow erythrocytes in mice dosed by oral gavage at concentrations of 5.0,2.5, and 1.25 g/kg. Vehicle and positive control animals received corn oil and cyclophosphamide, respectively.  Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation 24, 48 and 72 hours after dosing.  The test material did not induce a statistically significant change in the PCE/NCE ratio in any of the test material dose groups when compared to their concurrent vehicle control groups. The positive control material (cyclophosphamide) produced a marked increase in the frequency of micronucleated PCE when compared to the concurrent vehicle control group. The test material was considered to be non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic under the conditions of the test. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.

In a key study (Exxon, 1991) equivalent/similar to OECD Guideline 474, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics) was tested in the mammalian bone marrow micronucleus assay using CD-1 mice.  The test material was tested at 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals following exposure and did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes or an increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.  Both the positive (cyclophosphamide) and the negative (carrier) controls behaved in an appropriate manner.  These data indicate that Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics are not cytotoxic and are not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg.

In a supporting study (Shell, 1998), C3H mice were treated cutaneously with a range of doses (1x25ml to 3x25ml per animal; ca. 900-2750mg/kg) of either n-decane or n-dodecane for periods ranging from 24 to 72 hours.  The DNA was isolated for the epidermis of the treated skin and subjected to 32P-postlabeling analysis.  A group of untreated control animals was untreated and maintained under the same conditions as the exposed groups.  For a positive control, a group of mice was treated with benzo(a)pyrene in 25ul dodecane at a level of 1ug per animal, a dose which is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than a single carcinogenic dose of benzo(a)pyrene for this species.  For a positive control test of the 32P-postlabelling assay, DNA from mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene in THF was used.  32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane.  The positive control adduct was easily detectable.  The limit of detection of the procedure was about 1 adduct in 109 nucleotides using 10mg samples of DNA.  The absences of adducts with this level of sensitivity of adduct detection indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.

Justification for classification or non-classification

The negative results using in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays from structural analogues do not warrant the classification of Tridecane as genotoxic under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP).