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EC number: 234-576-1 | CAS number: 12012-35-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across: exposure to various chromium species. Acceptable, well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Incidence of cancer among ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers: an extended observation period.
- Author:
- Langård, S., A. Andersen, et al.
- Year:
- 1 990
- Bibliographic source:
- Br J Ind Med.47(1): 14-9.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A survey of respiratory symptoms and lung function in ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers.
- Author:
- Langård, S.
- Year:
- 1 980
- Bibliographic source:
- Int Arch Occup Environ Health.46(1): 1-9.
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- cohort study (retrospective)
- Endpoint addressed:
- carcinogenicity
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Cohort study of incidence of cancer and total mortality in 1953-1985 in a study population of 976 male ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers emplyed at a ferrochromium plant for more than one year, starting in 1928-1959, and an extended cohort covering all those who were first employed between 1928 and 1965, covering 1235 workers. The Cancer Register of Norway was used for data collection.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- exposure to various Cr-compounds
- IUPAC Name:
- exposure to various Cr-compounds
- Details on test material:
- Exposure to Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds in ferrochromium manufacturing. No details available.
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- Cohort study of incidence of cancer and total mortality in 1953-1985 in a study population of 976 male ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers emplyed at a ferrochromium plant for more than one year, starting in 1928-1959, and an extended cohort covering all those who were first employed between 1928-1965, altogether 1235 workers.
The Cancer Register of Norway was used for cancer data collection.
Data on personal work conditions were collected from a) personnel lists provided by the company, which included job categories for about 40% of the cohort members; b) detailed work history for those employed between 1946 and 1952 as recoded by the company's industrial physician; and c) supplementary information from 10 independent, old workers, some of whom had been employed from the early 1930s. - Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE: air
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Area air sampling, exposure measurements started in 1975. No measurements before this.
EXPOSURE LEVELS: Total chromium concentrations:
ferrochromium furnace operators: 0.04-0.29 mg/m3
charge floor: 0.05 mg/m3 (of which 11-33% was water soluble, hexavalent Cr)
EXPOSURE PERIOD: At least one year from the beginning of employment.
DESCRIPTION / DELINEATION OF EXPOSURE GROUPS / CATEGORIES: Job categories (various jobs / ferrosilicon / ferrochromium / internal maintenance / quartz quarry / office / electric shops / external maintenance / internal transport - Statistical methods:
- 95% confidence intervals were presented on the basis of an assumed Poisson distribution of the cases of cancer. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) and Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) were used for the presentation of results.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- A significant excess risk for cancer among the ferrochromium workers, in comparison with the non-ferrochromium workers, could be observed. The standardised incidence rate ratio (SIR) for ferrochromium workers when using all non-ferrochromium workers as a reference group was 3.0 (99% CI 1.1-6.4). An excess of lung cancer (SIR=154) and prostate cancer (SIR=151) was observed among ferrochromium workers. Cancer of the kidney was also increased (SIR=273) in the ferrochromium group, with a mean "latency time" of 39 years.
- Confounding factors:
- Measurements conducted in the plant in 1975 indicated the presence of both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, as well as high concentrations of fumes and dust particles. Therefore no conclusions on the carcinogenic potential of chromium(III) can be made based on these results.
- Strengths and weaknesses:
- Strengths: large study group.
Weakness: co-exposure to hexavalent chromates.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The incidence of cancer and total mortality in 1953-1985 was studied in a study population of 1235 male ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers emplyed at a ferrochromium plant for more than one year, starting in 1928-1964. A significantly increased risk for cancer among the ferrochromium workers, in comparison with the non-ferrochromium workers, could be observed. However, measurements conducted in the plant in 1975 indicated the presence of both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, as well as high concentrations of fumes and dust particles. Therefore no conclusions on the carcinogenic potential of chromium(III) can be made based on these results.
- Executive summary:
The incidence of cancer and total mortality in 1953-1985 was studied in a study population of 1235 male ferrochromium and ferrosilicon workers employed at a ferrochromium plant for more than one year, starting in 1928-1964. A significantly increased risk for cancer among the ferrochromium workers, in comparison with the non-ferrochromium workers, could be observed. However, measurements conducted in the plant in 1975 indicated the presence of both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, as well as high concentrations of fumes and dust particles. Therefore no conclusions on the carcinogenic potential of chromium(III) can be made based on these results.
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