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EC number: 215-158-8 | CAS number: 1308-14-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Adsorption / desorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- adsorption / desorption
- Remarks:
- other: extractability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well-documented publication which meets basic scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Extractable Chromium as Related to Soll pH and Applied Chromium
- Author:
- Grove, J.H. und Ellis B.G.
- Year:
- 1 980
- Bibliographic source:
- Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 1980, 238 - 242
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- extractability in different solvents depending on time
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- other: batch extractability depending on time
- Media:
- soil
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium trichloride
- EC Number:
- 233-038-3
- EC Name:
- Chromium trichloride
- Cas Number:
- 10025-73-7
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium(III) chloride
- IUPAC Name:
- Chromium(III) chloride
- Test material form:
- other: solution in water
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Study design
- Test temperature:
- 25°C
Batch equilibrium or other method
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- sampling first at 24 hours and then at 1 ,2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks
- Details on matrix:
- COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location:
Rubikon sand from Muskegon County, Michigan
Morley clay loam from Ionia County, Michigan
Morley clay loam, limed, from Ionia County, Michigan (liming: adjustion to pH 7.5 with Ca(OH)2)
- Sampling depth (cm):top 5 and 10 cm
- Soil preparation: The soil was passed through a 2 mm plastic sieve, air-dried, and divided into 1•kg portions.
PROPERTIES
- Horizon:
Rubicon Sand: A
Morley clay loam: Ap
- Soil taxonomic classification:
Rubicon sand: sandy, mixed frigid Entic Haplorthod
Morley clay loam: fine, illitic, mesic Typic Hapludalf
- pH:
Rubikon sand: pH 4.7
Morley clay loam: pH 5.4
Morley clay loam, limed: pH 7.5
- Organic carbon (%):
Rubikon sand: 2.2
Morley clay loam: 4.2
Morley clay loam, limed: 4.2
Natural Chromium content (average of 12 replications):
Rubicon sand: <0.1 ppm (detection limit)
Morley loam: 16.0 ppm - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
Three replications of 0 and 500 ppm Cr as Cr(III) were applied 10 all three soils in the initial wetting water.
The moisture contents for the Rubicon and Morley soils corresponds were 14 and 29%, respectively. All pots were thorougbly mixed, covered with polyethylene to minimize water vapor loss, and placed in a constant temperature (25°C) chamber. Pots were sampled at 24 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8. and 16 weeks, All samples (5 g) were extracted on an end-over-end shaker in succession with the extractants. Separation of liquid and solid phases was made by centrifugation with the solid being retained for subsequent extraction. The citrate-dithionite- bicarbonate extraction is that of Mehra and Jackson (1960). The extractants were selected to remove water•soluble, exchangeable, organic-bound, amorphous-precipitated, and more crystalline.precipitated Cr. After each extraction the samples were centrifuged at 27 000 g for 15 min and decanted.
Results and discussion
Results: Batch equilibrium or other method
- Statistics:
- In the analysis of variance for extractable Cr, the resulting split-plot design (extractant within incubation time within level of a Cr source within a soil) all main effects and all interaction terms gave highly significant F values.
In the analysis of variance for soil pH a similar split-plot design (incubation time within level of a Cr source within a soil) also gave highly significant F values for aIl main effects and all interaction effects.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Ammonium chloride and Cupric sulfate extractable fractions were generally negligible.
This means, that there is no exchangeable or organic bound Cr(III) present in the soils.
80 to 99% of all extractable Cr being present in the water, oxalate, and the dithionite-citrate extractions. Early extrations (24 hours and 1 week) with NH4Cl and CuSO4resulted in appreciable quantities, but declined to near zero values after 2 weeks.
Chromium converts rapidly to the oxalate and dithionite-citrate extractable fractions, the latter fraction was the largest.
The water-soluble fraction declined in importance in all soils with time.
Chromium(III) addition reduced soil pH in all soils with the greatest decrease in Rubicon soil.
Addition of CrCl3solution to the soils results in formation of insoluble Cr(OH)3and subsequent ageing of the precipitate, resulting in lowering the water soluble fraction after one week. Reduction of the pH by consumption of H+ enhances the formation of insoluble Cr(OH)3.
Organic bound Cr appears to be negligible. The effectiveness of CuSO4as an extractant may be questionable, but ist is concluded by the authors that the data from this study give strong evidence that organic Cr(III) complexes are very low in quantity in these soils.
Deduced from the Figures of the publication, in Rubicon sand, the initial water soluble Cr(III) was ca. 29%, decreasing to ca. 3% after 2 weeks and being nearly zero after 16 weeks. Whereas the citrate-dithionite soluble fraction representing the precipitated and aged Cr(OH)3results of ca. 19% after 24 hours, ca. 63% after 2 weeks, and ca. 75% after 16 weeks.
In Morley clay loam and limed Morley clay loam the water extractable fraction is ca. 1.5% in both soils and nearly zero after 2 and 16 weeks, respectively.
The citrate-dithionite soluble fraction representing the precipitated and aged Cr(OH)3 is in Morley clay loam and limed Morley clay loam after 24 hours 47 in both soils, after 2 weeks 47 and 48%, repectively and after 16 weeks 83 and 68% respechtively.
It should be taken in account that these values are not precise, because they have been derived from diagrams from the publication. However it can be concluded that Chromium(III) is precipitated in soils to form insoluble Chromium(III)hydroxide. Chromium(III)hydroxide formation consumes H+ and therefore Cr(III)hydroxide formation in forced resulting in reduced pH of the soils. After 2 weeks the water soluble fraction is negligible. Most added Cr(III)chloride is present in precipitated water insoluble form.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Chromium(III)hydroxide is formed in soils at pH >4.7. Formation of Chromium(III)hydroxide is forced, as the reaction consumes H+ and reduces pH of soils. In soils precipitated Chromium(III)hydroxide is aged with time resulting in more crystalline forms with lowered solubility. There is strong evidence that organic bound Chromium(III) is very low. The exchangeable portion of Cr(III) is also negligible.
- Executive summary:
Chromium(III)chloride was added to three soils (Rubikon sand, Morley clay loam and limed Morley clay loam) resulting in 500 ppm Cr(III). After 24 hours and then at 1 ,2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks, the soil samples (5g) were extracted withdeionized-distilled water, 1 m NH4Cl, 1 m CuSO4, 0.3 m Ammonium oxalate and Sodium citrate/sodium dithionite/sodium bicarbonate repesenring the water-soluble, exchangeable, organic-bound, amorphous precipitated, and the more crystalline-precipitated fraction of Cr(III).
Results:Chromium(III)hydroxide is formed in soils at pH >4.7. Formation of Chromium(III)hydroxide is forced, as the reaction consumes H+and reduces pH of soils. In soils precipitated Chromium(III)hydroxide is aged with time resulting in more crystalline forms with lowered solubility. There is strong evidence that organic bound Chromium(III) is very low. The exchangeable portion of Cr(III) is also negligible. The water soluble fraction is nearly zero after 2 weeks.
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