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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In each assay, cells were treated in suspension with the test material or test material plus S-9 mix for 4 hr at 37°C with constant, gentle agitation. The toxicity assay consisted of a determination of the effects of a wide range of test material on the plating efficiency of CHO cells following a 4-hr exposure with and without S-9. In the cytogenetic assay, the cells were washed following exposure to test material, seeded into T25 culture flasks, and incubated approximately 16 hr at 37°C. Cultures were then exposed to 2 µg/mL colcemid for 2 hr to arrest cells in metaphase. Mitotic cells were selectively dislodged by striking the side of the culture flask with the palm of the hand. Suspended cells were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 0.075 M KCl and incubated 4 min at room temperature. Cells were again collected by centrifugation and fixed by slowly resuspending them in Carnoy's fixative (methanol:glacial acetic acid, 3:1). Cells were then centrifuged and resuspended in fresh fixative and stored overnight at 4°C. The following day, the fixed cells were centrifuged, resuspended in Carnoy's fixative, dropped on an inclined microscope slide, and dried. Slides were then coded and scored for chromosome number and aberrations. In each experiment the top three doses showing less than 90% relative toxicity were scored. A total of 50 metaphase spreads per dose were evaluated.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- CHO cells were obtained from the American TIype Culture Collection and were maintained in Ham's F12 medium (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Reheis).
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 from Sprague- Dawley rats was purchased from Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, MD 20816. Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 was prepared in 0.15 M KCl
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- without metabolic activation: [µg/mL] 25, 34, 45
with metabolic activation: [µg/mL] 45, 60, 80 - Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- no
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- triethylenemelamine
- cyclophosphamide
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- DURATION
- Exposure duration: 4 h
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 16 h
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): ca. 40 h
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays):
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays):
2 µg/mL colcemid
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays):
Carnoy's fixative (methanol:glacial acetic acid, 3:1)
METHODS OF SLIDE PREPARATION AND STAINING TECHNIQUE USED:
The following day, the fixed cells were centrifuged, resuspended in Carnoy's fixative, dropped on an inclined microscope slide, and dried.
NUMBER OF METAPHASE SPREADS ANALYSED PER DOSE (if in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells):
A total of 50 metaphase spreads per dose were evaluated
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: cloning efficiency - Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not examined
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- Dose-dependent positive responses were obtained in the presence and absence of the S9 activation system, although the S9 reduced both the clastogenic response and the toxicity.
- Conclusions:
- Dose-dependent positive responses were obtained in the presence and absence of the S9 activation system, although the S9 reduced both the clastogenic response and the toxicity. These results indicate that zinc is an effective clastogen when presented to a susceptible cell population in an appropriate form. However, in vivo, homeostatic controls of absorption and protein binding preclude the likelihood of zinc being genotoxic in vivo under standard feeding conditions.
- Executive summary:
A chromosome aberration assay with zinc acetate was conducted in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Zinc acetate induced chromosome aberraions in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. These results indicate that zinc is an effective clastogen when presented to a susceptible cell population in an appropriate form. However, in vivo, homeostatic controls of absorption and protein binding preclude the likelihood of zinc being genotoxic in vivo under standard feeding conditions.
|
Aberration types |
|||||||||
Dose(µg/ml) |
Metabolic activation |
Relative cloning efficiency |
Chromatidbgaps |
Chromatid break |
Fragments |
Exchanges |
Rings |
>10 Aberrations |
%Polyploidy |
Aberrationscper cell |
Neg. Control (water) |
— |
100 (58)a |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
25 |
— |
100 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
34 |
— |
36 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0.42 |
45 |
— |
53 |
3 |
10 |
5 |
22 |
0 |
5 |
4 |
1.74 |
Pos. control(TEM-0.5 Mg/ml) |
— |
2 |
4 |
23 |
26 |
42 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
3.44 |
Neg. control (water) |
+ |
100(33)a |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
45 |
+ |
73 |
3 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
0.54 |
60 |
+ |
76 |
2 |
17 |
2 |
21 |
0 |
3 |
6 |
1.40 |
80 |
+ |
58 |
1 |
7 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
1.24 |
Pos. control (cyclophosphamide 35 fig/ml) |
+ |
9 |
9 |
28 |
17 |
45 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
2.60 |
a The cloning efficiency for water is arbitrarily set at 100. The number in parentheses is the number of clones formed when 200 cells (was determined by hemacytomer counts) were plated. The relative cloning efficiency of each dose equals the number of viable clones for that dose divided by the viable clones in the water control, times 100. b Counted, but not used in the aberrations per cell calculation. c Aberrations per cell is the total number of aberrations (excluding gaps) divided by the number of cells scored (50 for all doses). Cells with > 10 aberrations are counted as 10 aberrations. |
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay: Zinc acetate was tested for the potential to induce trifluorothymidine-resistant (TFT Res) mutants in L5178Y/TK+/- mouse lymphoma cell by directly exposing cells to varying doses for 3 h. 48 h after treatment, metal-treated cells and solvent controls were cloned in soft-agar media and plated. Trifluorothymidine resistance (TFT Res) was determined by adding 4 µg/ml TFT to one set of plates. All colonies growing either in the presence of TFT (TFT Res) or its absence (viable count colonies) were counted on day 7 after incubation at 37°C. Those TFT Res colonies which were equivalent in size to colonies growing in the solvent control viable count plates i.e., large, were scored as mutants.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene
- Target gene:
- Thymidine kinase
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells were received from D. Clive, Burroughs, Welcome Co., Research Triangle, NC
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 from Sprague- Dawley rats was purchased from Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, MD 20816. A 2:1 mixture of Aroclor 1242:125 was used to induce rat livers for the mouse lymphoma assay. This S9 was prepared in 0.25 M sucrose.
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- [µg/mL] 1.3, 1.8, 2.4, 3.2, 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, 10, 13
- Vehicle / solvent:
- medium
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Water
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- no
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene
- ethylmethanesulphonate
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- according to the procedures of Clive and Spector (1975) and Clive et al. (1979).
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not examined
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- The results of the TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay with zinc acetate are shown in Table 1. Dose-dependent positive responses were obtained in the presence and absence of the S9 metabolic activation system with a doubling of the mutation frequency occurring at 10 µg/ml for both portions of the assay (Table 1).
- Conclusions:
- The results presented here indicate zinc is an effective mutagen when presented to a mouse lymphoma cells in an appropriate form. However, controls of absorption and protein binding preclude the likelihood of zinc being genotoxic in vivo under standard feeding conditions.
- Executive summary:
A mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay was perormed with zinc acetate. The results indicate zinc is an effective mutagen when presented to a mouse lymphoma cells in an appropriate form. However, controls of absorption and protein binding preclude the likelihood of zinc being genotoxic in vivo under standard feeding conditions.
Table 1: Results of the L5178Y TK+/- Mouse Lymphoma Assay on Zinc acetate
Without S9 activation |
With S9activation |
||||||||
Concentration (µg/ml) |
Colonies per TFT plate |
Colonies per VC plate |
Mutation frequency per 104 surviving cells |
% total growth |
Concentration (µg/Plate) |
Colonies per TFT plate |
Colonies per VC plate |
Mutation frequency per 104surviving cells |
total growth |
H2O control |
61±1 |
146±9 |
0.8 |
- |
H20 control |
62±4 |
143±8 |
0.9 |
- |
H2O control |
68±7 |
127±15 |
1.1 |
- |
H20 control |
38±1 |
145±11 |
0.5 |
- |
1.3 |
59±1 |
138±5 |
0.9 |
79 |
4.2 |
63±4 |
162±5 |
0.8 |
Ill |
1.8 |
61±6 |
113±3 |
1.1 |
61 |
5.6 |
92±7 |
169±6 |
1.1 |
112 |
2.4 |
62±6 |
152±5 |
0.8 |
113 |
7.5 |
87±7 |
151±6 |
1.2 |
79 |
3.2 |
59±1 |
151±11 |
0.8 |
119 |
10 |
78±3 |
132±21 |
1.2 |
74 |
4.2 |
59±1 |
133±5 |
0.9 |
82 |
13 |
94±4 |
159±10 |
1.2 |
79 |
5.6 |
60±3 |
152±5 |
0.8 |
130 |
18 |
108±8 |
130±14 |
1.7 |
49 |
7.5 |
54±14 |
144±14 |
0.8 |
82 |
24 |
194±7 |
138±10 |
2.8 |
33 |
10 |
117±14 |
127±5 |
1.8 |
60 |
32 |
275±12 |
135±8 |
4.1 |
19 |
13 |
194±12 |
92±2 |
4.2 |
31 |
42 |
230±2 |
62±5 |
7.4 |
8 |
Pos. control EMS |
|
|
|
|
Pos.control DMBA |
|
|
|
|
(0.5µg/ml) |
251±19 |
80±3 |
6.3 |
35 |
(5.0µg/ml) |
145±1 |
132±4 |
2.2 |
64 |
(1.0µg/ml) |
142±7 |
17±2 |
16.7 |
4 |
(7.5µg/ml) |
194±6 |
125±13 |
3.1 |
57 |
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Genotoxicity of zinc in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays
- Author:
- E.D. Thompson, J.A. McDermott, T.B. Zerkle, J.A. Skare, B.L.B. Evans and D.B. Cody
- Year:
- 1 989
- Bibliographic source:
- Mutation Research, 223 (1989) 267-272
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The Salmonella plate-incorporation assay was performed with strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98 as described by Maron and Ames (1983). Toxicity was estimated by measuring the extent of reduction of the bacterial lawn in the overlay agar with strain TA100.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc di(acetate)
- EC Number:
- 209-170-2
- EC Name:
- Zinc di(acetate)
- Cas Number:
- 557-34-6
- Molecular formula:
- C2H4O2.1/2Zn
- IUPAC Name:
- zinc diacetate
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Zinc acetate was purchased from Fisher Scientific, Springfield, NJ.
Method
- Target gene:
- histidine
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1538
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 from Sprague- Dawley rats was purchased from Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, MD 20816. Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 was prepared in 0.15 M KCl
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 20 - 7200 µg/plate
- Vehicle / solvent:
- medium
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- not specified
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- not specified
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- not specified
- Positive control substance:
- not specified
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- The plate-incorporation assay was performed with strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98 as described by Maron and Ames (1983).
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Remarks:
- zinc acetate
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- True negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Remarks:
- zinc acetate
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- True negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Remarks:
- zinc acetate
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- True negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Remarks:
- zinc acetate
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- True negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1538
- Remarks:
- zinc acetate
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- True negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
The results of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome plate-incorporation assay for zinc acetate were uniformly negative. Zinc acetate was neither toxic (determined by reduction of bacterial lawn) nor mutagenic to any of the 5 strains tested over a dose range of 50-7200 µg/plate.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The results of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome plate-incorporation assay for zinc acetate were uniformly negative. Zinc acetate was neither toxic (determined by reduction of bacterial lawn) nor mutagenic to any of the 5 strains tested over a dose range of 50-7200 µg/plate.
- Executive summary:
Ames test was performed with zinc acetate. The plate-incorporation assay was performed with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98. The results of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome plate-incorporation assay for zinc acetate were uniformly negative. Zinc acetate was neither toxic (determined by reduction of bacterial lawn) nor mutagenic to any of the 5 strains tested over a dose range of 50-7200 µg/plate.
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