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EC number: 405-520-5 | CAS number: 95235-30-6 D-8; DD-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 1993-02-15 to 1993-09-27
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples of aqueous test media containing d-8 were diluted to equate HPLC mobile phase to within the concentration range of 0.4 to 4 mg/L. The concentrations of D-8 in the diluted samples were then determined by high performance liquid chromatography using a spectrophotometric detector.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Test media were prepared from aqueous stock preparations, in which the test material was added directly to water, with the aid of sonication.
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: green algae
- Strain: CCAP number 278/4
- Source: CCAP Culture Centre for Algae and Protozoa; Freshwater Biological Association; Ferry House; Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria
- Method of cultivation: Axenic, uni-algal slope cultures were incubated in OECD medium to result stock cultures. Subcultures were prepared by aseptic transfer of aliquots into fresh OECD medium and incubation for several days until required cell density has been achieved.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not indicated
- Culturing media and conditions: temperature-controlled illuminate orbital incubator; at 20 - 25 °C; shaking speed: 175 rpm; light intensity: approx. 16000 lux
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: not indicated - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- Start of test: 21.9 - 22.3 °C
after 72 h: 23.3 - 23.8 °C - pH:
- start of test: 7.9 - 8.1
after 72 h: 7.8 - 8.1 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.32; 1; 3.2; 10 and 32 mg/L
Measured: 0.162; 0.461, 1.90; 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L (unfiltered media) - Details on test conditions:
- Triplicate algal cultures with a cell count of 1E04/mL were exposed to D-8 in mineral salts medium at nominal concentrations 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L, selected following a preliminary range finding test. Test media were prepared from aqueous stock preparations, in which test material was added directly to water, with the aid of sonication. The cell density of each culture was measured, using a haemocytometer, at 24-hour intervals. Growth rate (the rate of change in cell number with time) and biomass (the number of cells per mL) were both calculated.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.62 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CI: 4.63 - 16.7 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2.22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CI: 1.90 - 4.63 mg/L
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.461 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate and biomass
- Details on results:
- Exposure to D-8, at measured levels in unfiltered samples at and above 1.90 mg/L, caused a significant reduction in the average specific growth rates and biomass of Raphidocelis subcapitata cultures (p > 0.05). Thus, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for growth rate and biomass was 0.461 mg/L.
The 50 % effect concentrations for average specific growth rate (ErC50) and mean biomass (EbC50) respectively were found to be 5.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 1.90 and 4.63 mg/L). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical comparisons of average specific growth rates in control and test cultures were carried out using Dunnett's multi-comparison test. In this test, a multiple t-test compares each treatment with the control group using a common estimate of experimental error, and then uses Dunnett's t-Statistic tables to assess significance at the 95 % level of probability.
Statistical comparisons of the area under the growth curve in control and test groups were again carried out using Dunnett's multi-comparison test. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The 50 % effect concentrations for average specific growth rate (ErC50) and mean biomass (EbC50) for D-8, respectively, were found to be 5.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 1.90 and 4.63 mg/L). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for growth rate and biomass was 0.461 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
D-8 was tested for algal toxicity to Raphidocelis subcapitata in a 72-h test for average specific growth rate and mean biomass in accordance to OECD 201. D-8 was tested at concentration levels of 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L. Exposure to D-8, at measured levels in unfiltered samples at and above 1.90 mg/L, caused a significant reduction in the average specific growth rates and biomass of Raphidocelis subcapitata cultures (p > 0.05). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for growth rate and biomass was 0.461 mg/L. The 50 % effect concentrations for average specific growth rate (ErC50) and mean biomass (EbC50) respectively were found to be 5.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 1.90 and 4.63 mg/L). D-8 at 4.63 mg/L showed normal growth after seven days of incubation indicating that, at this level, the material was algistatic. At 16.7 mg/L, no growth occurred after ten days of incubation indicating that D-8 at this concentration was algicidal.
Reference
Table 1. Analytical determination of D-8
Sampling time, h |
|
Nominal D-8 concentrations, mg/L |
||||
0 |
0.32 |
1 |
3.2 |
10 |
32 |
|
Unfiltered samples |
|
|||||
0 h |
nd |
0.161 (50) |
0.476 (48) |
2.08 (65) |
4.44 (44) |
17.3 (54) |
72 h |
nd |
0.162 (51) |
0.446 (45) |
1.71 (53) |
4.81 (48) |
16.0 (50) |
% of t0 |
- |
101 |
94 |
82 |
108 |
92 |
Overall mean |
- |
0.162 (51) |
0.461 (46) |
1.90 (59) |
4.63 (46) |
16.7 (52) |
Filtered media |
||||||
0 h |
nd |
0.0193 (6) |
0.0540 (5) |
0.355 (11) |
1.05 (11) |
7.23 (23) |
72 h |
nd |
0.0066 (2) |
0.0603 (6) |
0.371 (12) |
1.91 (19) |
8.16 (26) |
% of t0 |
- |
34 |
112 |
105 |
182 |
113 |
Overall mean |
- |
0.013 (4) |
0.057 (6) |
0.363 (11) |
1.48 (15) |
7.70 (24) |
nd: not detected
(): meas. Concentrations expressed as percentage of the nominal value
% of t0: mean meas. Concentrations after 72 hours, expressed as a
percentage of the mean starting conc.
The results of cell counts in control and test flasks are given in Table 2:
Table 2. Cell numbers in individual control and test cultures
Measured test material conc. (mg/l) |
Flask number |
Cell numbers per mL (x1E4) |
||
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
||
0 (control) |
1 |
9.4 |
25.3 |
141.5 |
2 |
8.3 |
45.0 |
149.3 |
|
3 |
10.4 |
43.4 |
147.0 |
|
4 |
7.3 |
59.4 |
214.8 |
|
5 |
10.0 |
54.8 |
181.3 |
|
6 |
7.8 |
44.6 |
156.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.162 |
7 |
10.6 |
45.5 |
133.3 |
8 |
8.4 |
27.9 |
102.5 |
|
9 |
10.4 |
35.8 |
141.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.461 |
11 |
9.3 |
33.1 |
109.8 |
12 |
10.5 |
49.8 |
151.3 |
|
13 |
7.6 |
30.3 |
109.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.90 |
15 |
9.3 |
27.4 |
78.3 |
16 |
7.6 |
29.1 |
83.1 |
|
17 |
8.4 |
32.0 |
94.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.63 |
19 |
3.0 |
7.0 |
16.8 |
20 |
2.4 |
7.0 |
32.1 |
|
21 |
2.1 |
9.9 |
28.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
16.7 |
23 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
24 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
|
25 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
Note: Cell numbers are quoted to one decimal place.
The average specific growth rates and biomass in test and control cultures are given in Table 3:
Table 3. Average specific growth rates and biomass (0 – 72 hours) in test and control cultures
Measured test material conc. (mg/l) |
Flask number |
Average specific growth rate x 10-2 |
Mean x 10-2 |
Biomass x104 |
Mean x104 |
0 (control) |
1 |
6.878 |
7.076 |
2469 |
3221 |
2 |
6.952 |
3009 |
|||
3 |
6.931 |
2994 |
|||
4 |
7.458 |
4116 |
|||
5 |
7.222 |
3669 |
|||
6 |
7.014 |
3069 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.162 |
7 |
6.795 |
6.702 |
2886 |
2558 |
8 |
6.430 |
2040 |
|||
9 |
6.881 |
2748 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.461 |
11 |
6.525 |
6.673 |
2274 |
2546 |
12 |
6.971 |
3201 |
|||
13 |
6.522 |
2163 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.90 |
15 |
6.055 |
6.168 |
1758 |
1872 |
16 |
6.139 |
1820 |
|||
17 |
6.310 |
2037 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.63 |
19 |
3.914 |
4.464 |
381 |
501 |
20 |
4.819 |
551 |
|||
21 |
4.659 |
572 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
16.7 |
23 |
-0.400 |
-0.257 |
-18 |
-13 |
24 |
-0.185 |
-17 |
|||
25 |
-0.185 |
-5 |
Note: Growth rate – values are quoted to three decimal places.
Biomass - values are quoted to the nearest whole number.
Determination of algistatic/algicidal effect:
Sub-cultures (established in freshly prepared medium) from test cultures containing D-8 at 4.63 mg/L showed normal growth after seven days of incubation indicating that, at this level, the material was algistatic. At 16.7 mg/L, no growth occured after ten days of incubation indicating that D-8 at this concentration was algicidal.
Description of key information
The 50 % effect concentrations for average specific growth rate (ErC50) and mean biomass (EbC50) for D-8, respectively, were found to be 5.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 1.90 and 4.63 mg/L). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for growth rate and biomass was 0.461 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 5.62 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.461 mg/L
Additional information
D-8 was tested for algal toxicity to Raphidocelis subcapitata in a 72-h test for average specific growth rate and mean biomass in accordance to OECD 201. D-8 was tested at concentration levels of 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L. Exposure to D-8, at measured levels in unfiltered samples at and above 1.90 mg/L, caused a significant reduction in the average specific growth rates and biomass of Raphidocelis subcapitata cultures (p > 0.05). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for growth rate and biomass was 0.461 mg/L. The 50 % effect concentrations for average specific growth rate (ErC50) and mean biomass (EbC50) respectively were found to be 5.62 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 4.63 and 16.7 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (95 % confidence limits 1.90 and 4.63 mg/L). D-8 at 4.63 mg/L showed normal growth after seven days of incubation indicating that, at this level, the material was algistatic. At 16.7 mg/L, no growth occurred after ten days of incubation indicating that D-8 at this concentration was algicidal.
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