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EC number: 232-219-4 | CAS number: 7790-75-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2004-03-29 to 2004-05-05
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well document study according to OECD guideline 471 and GLP.
- Justification for type of information:
- The dissociation of calcium wolframate is reversible and the ratio of the salt /dissociated ions is dependent on the metal-ligand complexation constant of the salt, the composition of the solution and its pH.
Therefore, in the assessment of the ecotoxicity of calcium wolframate, a read-across to data for sodium wolframate/wolfram metal and soluble calcium substances is applied since only the ions of calcium and wolframate are available in the environment and determine the ecotoxicological potential. Due to its electronegativity E0(Ca/Ca2+) = -2,84V calcium is present in the environment only in the divalent cationic form. At high solution pH, i.e. above 12, calcium hydroxide complexes are formed.
Other calcium species, potentially relevant for the environmental of human health hazard assessment, are not present at environmentally or physiologically relevant redox conditions and solution pH.
According to the Hägg-graph and the Pourbaix- diagram wolframate is the dominant species under ENV conditions (Seiler et al., 2005). Anthropogenic use of W utilizes W metal or WC, which are thermodynamically unstable and when introduced into environmental systems begins to alter to a more stable form (WO42-) (Andersson and Bergstrom 2000).
Wolfram metal is (due to its negative potential (-0.09 to -1.074, pH0 -> pH14)) transformed to wolframate which represents the most stable oxidation state of Wolfram. Hence, under physiological conditions wolframic acid, hydrogen wolframate and wolframate co-exist in a pH-dependent manner, irrespective of their origin.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 004
- Report date:
- 2004
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Genotoxicity Evaluation of Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate and Tungsten Powder.
- Author:
- Reddy G, McCain WC, Leach GJ.
- Year:
- 2 007
- Bibliographic source:
- The Toxicologist, Vol.96, No. 1, March 2007
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Tungsten
- EC Number:
- 231-143-9
- EC Name:
- Tungsten
- Cas Number:
- 7440-33-7
- Molecular formula:
- W
- IUPAC Name:
- tungsten
- Reference substance name:
- Tungsten metal
- IUPAC Name:
- Tungsten metal
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Tungsten powder, APS 1-5 micron
- Substance type: Active
- Physical state: Dark-grey powder
- Analytical purity: 99.9 % (metal basis)
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Method
- Target gene:
- Salmonella tyhimurium: Histidine locus and E.coli: tryptophan locus
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- other: See below in additional information on materials and methods.
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- other: See below in additional information on materials and methods.
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 33.3, 100, 333, 1000, 3330 and 5000 ug/plate
- Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Saline (0.9 % NaCl)
Controlsopen allclose all
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Remarks:
- Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in the presence of S9 for strain TA98 at 2.5 ug/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 2-nitrofluorene
- Remarks:
- Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in the absence of S9 for strain TA98 at 1.0 ug/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene used in the presence of S9 for strains TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and WP2uvrA at 2.5, 2.5, 2.5 and 25.0 ug/plate, respectively.
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Remarks:
- Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in the absence of S9 for strains TA100 and TA1535 at 2.0 ug/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: ICR-191-used in the absence of S9 for strain TA1537 at 2.0 ug/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
- Remarks:
- Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in the absence of S9 for strain WP2uvrA at 1.0 ug/plate
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 52 +/- 4 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 52 +/- 4 hours (simultaneous with exposure)
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): histidine (Salmonella) and tryptophan (E. coli)
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: decrease in the number of revertant colonies per plate and/or thinning or disappearance of the bacterial background lawn
CONFIRMATION OF TESTER STRAIN GENOTYPE-Tester strain cultures were checked for the following genetic markers on the day of their use in the mutagenicity assay:
1. rfa Wall Mutation - exhibited by crystal violet sensitivity
2. pKM101 Plasmid - exhibited by resistance to ampicillin
3. Characteristic Number of Spontaneous Revertants: TA98 (8-60), TA100 (60-240), TA1535 (4-45), TA1537 (2-25), WP2uvrA (5-40)
OTHER: The most concentrated test substance dilution and the S9 mix were checked for sterility.
- Evaluation criteria:
- Tester Strains TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA- The test substance was considered positive, if it produce at least a 2-fold increase in the mean revertants per plate in at least one of the tester strains over the mean revertants per plate of the appropriate vehicle control. This increase in the mean number of revertants per plate had to be accompanied by a dose response to increasing concentrations of the test substance.
Tester Strains TA1535 and tA1537- The test substance was considered positive, if it produce at least a 3-fold increase in the mean revertant per plate in at least one of the tester strains over the mean revertants per plate of the appropriate vehicle control. This increase in the mean number of revertants per plate had to be accompanied by a dose response to increasing concentrations of the test substance. - Statistics:
- no data
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: Range-finding and Mutagenicity assay- Test substance precipitate was observed on the plates at >/=3330 ug/plate.
- Other confounding effects: The test substance was observed to form an opaque, dark-grey, non-viscous suspension at 50 mg/mL, which was the most concentrated stock dilution prepared for the mutagenicity assay. The test substance was observed to dilute to a solution at 3.33 mg/mL and all succeeding lower dilutions prepared.
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: The test substance was evaluated for toxicity in a range-finding assay using tester strains TA100 and UP2uvrA in the presence and absence of S9 activation at concentrations ranging from 6.67-5000 ug/plate.
No toxicity was observed in either strain at any concentration level in the presence and absence of S9 as evidenced by non dose-related decreases in the number of revertants per plate and normal bacterial background lawns. Therefore, 5000 ug/plate was selected as the maximum dose level for the mutagenicity test.
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: The vehicle and positive control values for revertants/plate fell in historical control data range.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The test substance was evaluated for mutagenic potential in Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay. Under the conditions of the study, the test substance did not cause a positive increase in the mean number of revertants per plate with any of the tester strains in the presence or absence of S9 activation.
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