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EC number: 947-359-8 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From January 02, 2018 to January 05, 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- The total exposure period was 72 h and samples for analytical confirmation of actual exposure concentrations were taken at the start and at the end of exposure.
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Details on test solutions:
- Test substance was a white solid (UVCB) and not completely soluble in test medium at the loading rates initially prepared. No correction was made for the purity/composition of the test substance.
Preparation of test solutions started with loading rates individually prepared at loading rates of 1.0 to 100 mg/L. A three-day period of magnetic stirring was applied to ensure maximum dissolution of the test substance in test medium. Thereafter, the aqueous Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) were collected by filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane filter (RC55, Whatman) and used as test solutions. All test solutions were clear and colorless at the end of the preparation procedure except for the highest test concentration in the combined limit/range-finding test which was clear but slightly light yellow. - Test organisms (species):
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, strain: NIVA CHL 1
- Source: In-house laboratory culture.
- Reason for selection: This system is a unicellular algal species sensitive to toxic substances in the aquatic ecosystem and has been selected as an internationally accepted species.
Fresh Water Algae Culture
Stock culture Algae stock cultures were started by inoculating growth medium with algal cells from a pure culture on agar. The suspensions were continuously aerated and exposed to light in a climate room at a temperature of 21-24°C.
Light intensity: 60 to 120 µE/m2/s when measured in the photosynthetically effective wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm.
Stock culture medium:
M1; according to the NPR 6505 (“Nederlandse Praktijk Richtlijn no. 6505”) formulated using Milli-RO water (tap-water purified by reverse osmosis; Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass., USA) with the following composition:
NaNO3 500 mg/L
K2HPO4.3H2O 52 mg/L
MgSO4.7H2O 75 mg/L
Na2CO3.10H2O 54 mg/L
C6H8O7.H2O 6 mg/L
NH4NO3 330 mg/L
CaCl2.2H2O 35 mg/L
C6H5FeO7.xH2O 6 mg/L
H3BO3 2.9 mg/L
MnCl2.4H2O 1.81 mg/L
ZnCl2 0.11 mg/L
CuSO4.5H2O 0.08 mg/L
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 0.018 mg/L
Pre-culture: 3 days before the start of the test, cells from the algal stock culture were inoculated in culture medium at a cell density of 1 x 104 cells/mL. The pre-culture was maintained under the same conditions as used in the test. The cell density was measured immediately before use.
Pre-culture medium:
M2; according to the OECD 201 Guideline, formulated using Milli-RO water and with the following composition:
NH4Cl 15 mg/L
MgCl2.6H2O 12 mg/L
CaCl2.2H2O 18 mg/L
MgSO4.7H2O 15 mg/L
KH2PO4 1.6 mg/L
FeCl3.6H2O 64 µg/L
Na2EDTA.2H2O 100 µg/L
H3BO3 185 µg/L
MnCl2.4H2O 415 µg/L
ZnCl2 3 µg/L
CoCl2.6H2O 1.5 µg/L
CuCl2.2H2O 0.01 µg/L
Na2MoO4.2H2O 7 µg/L
NaHCO3 50 mg/L
Hardness (Ca+Mg) 0.24 mmol/L (24 mg CaCO3/L)
pH 8.1 ± 0.2 - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 21 to 23°C
- pH:
- 8.2 to 8.5
- Details on test conditions:
- Loading concentrations: 10, 18, 32, 56 AND 100 mg/L
0 h measured concentrations: 3.5, 7, 12, 19 and 30 mg/L
72 h measured concentrations: 2.8, 4.6, 7.6, 12 and 18 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 54 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- WAF
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 19 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- WAF
- Basis for effect:
- other: Yield
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- WAF
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth inhibition and yeild
- Details on results:
- A study was conducted to determine the short term toxicity of the substance to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria according OECD Guideline 201, in compliance with GLP. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were exposed to a series ofWater Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) were individually prepared at loading rates of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg/L and used as test concentrationsof the substance for 72 h. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were measured with a TOC analyser and the test substance was considered stable over the duration of the test.Since TOC-analysis is a non-specific method, the effect parameters were reported in terms of loading rates initially prepared. The average growth rate as well as the percent of inhibition of growth rate were calculated. The NOEL of the test substance for growth rate and yield< 10 mg/Lbased on statistical significance however at 10 mg/L concentration there was no biological significance. Under the study conditions, the 72 h EL50 for growth rate and yield are54 mg/L and 19 mg/L,respectively (Augusiak, 2018).
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Reference substance inhibited growth rate of this fresh water algae species at nominal concentrations of 0.18 mg/L and higher.
The EC50 for growth rate inhibition (72h-ERC50) was 0.86 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.84 to 0.88 mg/L. The historical ranges for growth rate inhibition lie between 0.82 and 2.3 mg/L. The observed 72h-ERC50 for the algal culture tested corresponds with this range.
The EC50 for yield inhibition (72h-EYC50) was 0.34 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.34 to 0.35 mg/L. The historical ranges for yield inhibition lie between 0.20 and 1.1 mg/L. The observed 72h-EYC50 for the algal culture tested corresponds with this range. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the 72 h EL50 for growth rate and yield are 54 mg/L and 19 mg/L,respectively.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to determine the short term toxicity of the substance to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria according OECD Guideline 201, in compliance with GLP. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were exposed to a series of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs). These WAFs were individually prepared at loading rates of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg/L and used as test concentrations for 72 h. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were measured with a TOC analyser and the test substance was considered stable over the duration of the test. Since TOC-analysis is a non-specific method, the effect parameters were reported in terms of loading rates initially prepared. The average growth rate as well as the percent of inhibition of growth rate were calculated. The NOEL of the test substance for growth rate and yield <10 mg/L based on statistical significance; however at 10 mg/L concentration there was no biological significance. Under the study conditions, the 72 h EL50 for growth rate and yield are 54 mg/L and 19 mg/L, respectively (Augusiak, 2018).
Reference
Combined limit/range finding test:
At the end of the test, the replicates of the highest test concentration had turned slightly hazy and 36% growth rate inhibition and 86% yield inhibition were observed at this concentration level. The expected EL50for growth rate inhibition was above a WAF prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/L. The expected EL50for inhibition of yield was between WAFs prepared at loading rates of 10 and 100 mg/L.
Samples taken from WAFs prepared at loading rates of 10 and 100 mg/L were analysed.The initial TOC concentrations were 2.3 and 14 mg/L, respectively, corresponding to 29-49% of the nominal TOC concentrations as based on the loading rates. The lower concentration remained stable during the test period, i.e., was 103% of initial after 72 hours. The higher concentration decreased to 66% of the initial concentration during the test.
All test conditions were maintained within the limits prescribed by the study plan.Except for the temperature during the first two hours of the test, which deviated by more than 2°C and varied between 21 and 23°C. However, the validity criteria of the test were met, indicating that this temperature deviation had no effect on the results.
Mean Cell Densities (x104Cells/mL)
During the Combined Limit/Range-Finding Test
Time (h) |
0312 PHOSPHORSÄUREPARTIALESTER K-SALZ C8-10 |
|||
Control |
1.0 |
10 |
100 |
|
0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
24 |
7.5 |
n.d. |
n.d. |
5.9 |
48 |
39.7 |
n.d. |
n.d. |
10.2 |
72 |
210.9 |
250.7 |
253.5 |
31.2 |
n.d.: not determined.
Percentage Inhibition of Growth Rate
During the Combined Limit/Range-Finding Test
Test substance |
Mean |
Std. Dev. |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
1.783 |
0.0149 |
6 |
|
1.0 |
1.841 |
0.0132 |
3 |
-3.2 |
10 |
1.845 |
0.0117 |
3 |
-3.5 |
100 |
1.141 |
0.0690 |
6 |
36 |
Percentage Inhibition of Yield During
the Combined Limit/Range-Finding Test
Test substance |
Mean |
Std. Dev. |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
209.9 |
9.58 |
6 |
|
1.0 |
249.7 |
9.83 |
3 |
-19 |
10 |
252.5 |
9.00 |
3 |
-20 |
100 |
30.2 |
6.51 |
6 |
86 |
Final test:
Measured TOC concentrations:
Samples taken from all test groups were analysed. The TOC concentrations measured increased with increasing loading rate, indicating an appropriate preparation of the test solutions. The initial TOC concentrations corresponded to 63-82% of the nominal TOC concentrations as based on the applied loading rates. The measured TOC concentrations decreased to 60-82% of the initial concentrations at the end of the test.
Since TOC-analysis is a non-specific method, the effect parameters were determined based on loading rates.
Measured TOC Concentrations
Versus Nominal TOC Concentrations
Test substance | Measured concentration (TOC, mg/L) | % relative to nominal | |
WAF loading rate (mg/L) | t=0h | t=72 h | at t=0h |
10 (4.7) | 3.5 | 2.8 | 73 |
18 (8.5) | 7 | 4.6 | 82 |
32 (15) | 12 | 7.6 | 80 |
56 (26) | 19 | 12 | 71 |
100 (47) | 30 | 18 | 63 |
( ): Nominal TOC concentration in mg/L (values based on applied loading rate).
Below table shows group mean growth rates and the percentages of growth rate inhibition (total test period), whereasTable6shows the values at different time intervals.
Growth rates of algae exposed to WAFs prepared at 10 mg/L and higher were increasingly reduced and the inhibition of growth rate was statistically significant at all test concentrations. The inhibition of growth rate observed at a loading rates of 10 mg/L was below 10% and thus considered to be biologically not relevant.
Inhibition of yield increased with increasing loading rate from 10 mg/L upwards resulting in 97-98% inhibition at the two highest loading rates. Statistically significant inhibition of yield was found at all test concentrations.
The test solutions of the three highest test concentrations had turned hazy after 48 hours of exposure and remained hazy until the end of the test.
A slightly lower inhibition of both growth rate and yield was observed at the highest test concentration compared to the WAF prepared at a loading rate of 56 mg/L. Cell growth varied more strongly among the replicates of the 56 mg/L test group than in the 100 mg/L test group. The reason for this could not be specified but it is possible that the hazy test solutions had a small impact on algal growth. This had, however, no negative impact on the conclusions or the integrity of the test.
Microscopic observations at the end of the test revealed a normal and healthy appearance of algal cells exposed to a WAF prepared at a loading rate of 18 mg/L when compared to the control.
Growth Rate And Percentage
Inhibition For The Total Test Period
Test substance |
Mean |
Std. Dev. |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
1.888 |
0.0058 |
6 |
|
10 |
1.851 |
0.0096 |
3 |
1.9*# |
18 |
1.680 |
0.0288 |
3 |
11* |
32 |
1.306 |
0.2039 |
3 |
31* |
56 |
0.631 |
0.1915 |
3 |
67* |
100 |
0.758 |
0.0331 |
3 |
60* |
* effect statistically significant;#effect biologically not relevant (<10%).
Growth Rate And Percentage Inhibition At Different Time Intervals
Test substance |
n |
0 – 24 h |
24 – 48 h |
48 – 72h |
|||
Mean |
%Inhibition |
Mean |
%Inhibition |
Mean |
%Inhibition |
||
Control |
6 |
2.287 |
|
1.826 |
|
1.549 |
|
10 |
3 |
2.333 |
-2.0 |
1.699 |
7.0 |
1.521 |
1.8 |
18 |
3 |
2.128 |
7.0 |
1.358 |
26 |
1.553 |
-0.2 |
32 |
3 |
1.670 |
27 |
0.839 |
54 |
1.409 |
9.1 |
56 |
3 |
1.160 |
49 |
1.410 |
23 |
-0.676 |
144 |
100 |
3 |
0.202 |
91 |
2.044 |
-12 |
0.029 |
98 |
Yield And Percentage Inhibition For
The Total Test Period
Test substance WAF loading rate (mg/L) |
Mean |
Std. Dev. |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
287.0 |
4.95 |
6 |
|
10 |
257.0 |
7.40 |
3 |
10* |
18 |
153.7 |
13.09 |
3 |
46* |
32 |
55.0 |
27.12 |
3 |
81* |
56 |
6.4 |
3.84 |
3 |
98* |
100 |
8.8 |
0.95 |
3 |
97* |
* effect statistically significant;#effect biologically not relevant (<10%).
Effect Parameters
Parameter (mg/L) |
NOEL* |
NOEL** |
EL10 |
EL20 |
EL50 |
|
Growth rate |
Value |
<10 |
10 |
13 |
22 |
54 |
lower 95%-cl |
|
|
10 |
18 |
49 |
|
upper 95%-cl |
|
|
16 |
25 |
60 |
|
Yield |
Value |
<10 |
<10 |
9.5 |
12 |
19 |
lower 95%-cl |
|
|
8.8 |
11 |
19 |
|
upper 95%-cl |
|
|
10 |
13 |
20 |
cl: confidence limit; * based on statistical significance; ** based on biological relevance.
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 54 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 10 mg/L
Additional information
A study was conducted to determine the short term toxicity of the substance to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria according OECD Guideline 201, in compliance with GLP. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were exposed to a series of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs). These WAFs were individually prepared at loading rates of 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg/L and used as test concentrations for 72 h. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were measured with a TOC analyser and the test substance was considered stable over the duration of the test. Since TOC-analysis is a non-specific method, the effect parameters were reported in terms of loading rates initially prepared. The average growth rate as well as the percent of inhibition of growth rate were calculated. The NOEL of the test substance for growth rate and yield <10 mg/L based on statistical significance; however at 10 mg/L concentration there was no biological significance. Under the study conditions, the 72 h EL50 for growth rate and yield are 54 mg/L and 19 mg/L,respectively (Augusiak, 2018).
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