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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 310-060-2 | CAS number: 102110-59-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4 mg/m³
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - workers
According to dustiness tests of Si/FeSi silicates, low or very low amounts of respirable dust and low amounts of inhalable dust can be detected. Based on this, inhalation DNELs are relevant for both the respirable and the inhalable fractions.
The DNEL for repeated dose toxicity of Si/FeSi silicate is based on lung effects which are considered as critical effects. There are currently no occupational limit values for this substance, but the German MAK commission (DFG 1991) has set a limit value of 4 mg/m3during an 8-hour shift for the inhalable fraction of amorphous silicon dioxide. For general dusts, the MAK commission set in 1997 a MAK value of 1.5 mg/m3for respirable dusts and 4 mg/m3for inhalable dusts to decrease the risk of general dust-induced chronic bronchitis (DFG 1997). These currently represent the lowest OELs for general dust in.
Repeated dose inhalation studies have been performed with different types of silicates (calcium silicate, kaolin and amorphous glass) at maximum concentrations of 10-27 mg/m3. No adverse effects were observed in any of these studies, and therefore no NOAEL or LOAEL which could be used for DNEL derivation has been identified.
Epidemiological data from different industries show that the occupational exposure to occupational dusts and fumes may increase the risk of chronic bronchitis/COPD. This also seems to be the critical effect in humans for ferrosilicon/silicon metal. In a recent study in the Norwegian ferroalloy industry (Johnsen et al., 2010), an annual additional decline in lung function, resembling the decline caused by smoking, was seen in Si/FeSi industry at a median exposure level of 2.3 mg/m3of general dust (representing thoracic fraction). According to the data from seven of these FeSi/Si plants, the median levels of respirable dust in this industry varied between 0.4 and 2.1 mg/m3(Elkem, 2005), the highest being at the furnace department. Median levels of respirable amorphous silica were ~0.1-1.3 mg/m3. No signs of fibrosis in workers were seen in these studies. However, since silicate particles are only a minor component of these dusts present in silicon/ferrosilicon factories, no conclusions on the inhalation toxicity and dose response of silicate can be made.
For practically insoluble particles like Si/FeSi silicate without general toxicity, the possible lung effects are most likely caused by general particle effects and not by toxicity caused by the substance itself. As no NOAEL has been identified, it is suggested that the recommendations by the German MAK commission (DFG 1997) for general inhalable dust (4 mg/m3) and respirable dust (1.5 mg/m3) should be used when setting DNELs. 4 mg/m3is also the value given for synthetic amorphous silica by the MAK commission (DFG 1991).
DNELs of 4 mg/m3(inhalable fraction) and 1.5 mg/m3(respirable fraction)are recommended for Si/FeSi silicate in occupational exposure.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 2
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - General Population
According to dustiness tests of Si/FeSi silicates, low or very low amounts of respirable dust, and low amounts of inhalable dust can be detected. Based on this, inhalation DNELs are relevant for both the respirable and the inhalable fractions.
The DNEL for repeated dose toxicity of Si/FeSi silicate is based on lung effects which are considered as critical effects. There are currently no occupational limit values for this substance, but the German MAK commission (DFG 1991) has set a limit value of 4 mg/m3during an 8-hour shift for the inhalable fraction of amorphous silicon dioxide. For general dusts, the MAK commission set in 1997 a MAK value of 1.5 mg/m3for respirable dusts and 4 mg/m3for inhalable dusts to decrease the risk of general dust-induced chronic bronchitis (DFG 1997). These currently represent the lowest OELs for general dust in.
Repeated dose inhalation studies have been performed with different types of silicates (calcium silicate, kaolin and amorphous glass) at maximum concentrations of 10-27 mg/m3. No adverse effects were observed in any of these studies, and therefore no NOAEL or LOAEL which could be used for DNEL derivation has been identified.
Epidemiological data from different industries show that the occupational exposure to occupational dusts and fumes may increase the risk of chronic bronchitis/COPD. This also seems to be the critical effect in humans for ferrosilicon/silicon metal. In a recent study in Norwegian ferroalloy industry (Johnsen et al., 2010), an annual additional decline in lung function, resembling the decline caused by smoking, was seen in the Si/FeSi industry at a median exposure level of 2.3 mg/m3of general dust (representing thoracic fraction). According to the data from seven of these FeSi/Si plants, the median levels of respirable dust in this industry varied between 0.4 and 2.1 mg/m3(Elkem, 2005), the highest being at the furnace department. Median levels of respirable amorphous silica were ~0.1-1.3 mg/m3. No signs of fibrosis in workers were seen in these studies. However, since silicate particles are only a minor component of these dusts present in silicon/ferrosilicon factories, no conclusions on the inhalation toxicity and dose-response of silicate can be made.
For practically insoluble particles like Si/FeSi silicate without general toxicity, the possible lung effects are most likely caused by general particle effects and not by toxicity caused by the substance itself. As no NOAEL has been identified, it is suggested that the recommendations by the German MAK commission (DFG 1997) for general inhalable dust (4 mg/m3) and respirable dust (1.5 mg/m3) should be used when setting DNELs. 4 mg/m3is also the value given for synthetic amorphous silica by the MAK commission (DFG 1991). In order to consider the possibility that the general population may be more sensitive than the occupational population, an assessment factor of 2 was applied (inter-individual differences). Thus,the suggested DNEL for inhalable dust is 2 mg/m3and for respirable dust, 0.75 mg/m3.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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