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EC number: 297-443-7 | CAS number: 93572-14-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
No long-term toxicity expected.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
There are no long-term fish studies available for Fatty acids, soya, 2-ethylhexyl esters (CAS 93572-14-6). However, read across data on short-term toxicity are available for all three trophic levels, fish, daphnia and algae, indicating a low potential for aquatic toxicity. Also NOECs obtained from read across studies on algal growth and daphnia reproduction are clearly above 1 mg/L (nominal), i.e. the limit of water solubility.
Additionally, the aquatic concentrations of the substance is expected to be very low. Since the substance is considered to be readily biodegradable and has a high adsorption potential (log Koc 6.47, MCI method, KOCWIN v2.00), it is expected to be eliminated in sewage treatment plants to a high extent. In the aquatic environment, the concentration in the water phase will be reduced by biodegradation and adsorption to solid particles and to sediment.
Food ingestion is likely to be the main uptake route, since the
substance may adsorb to solid particles, which could be potentially
ingested by fish. Also for sediment-dwelling organisms the main uptake
route will be ingestion of contaminated sediment. In the case of
ingestion, the substance is predicted to undergo metabolism. Esters of
primary alcohols, containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, with fatty
acids, containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, have been shown to be
hydrolysed by pancreatic lipases in a study by Mattson and Volpenhein
(Mattson and Volpenhein, 1972). Measured rates of enzyme catalysed
hydrolysis varied between 2 and 5 µeq/min/mg enzyme for the different
chain lengths (IUCLID section 7.1.1, Mattson and Volpenhein, 1972; and
references therein). Only moderate differences in the rate of hydrolysis
were observed for different long chain saturated and unsaturated
fatty-acid esters, in studies investigating the fatty acid specificity
of pancreatic lipases (Macrae and Hammond, 1985; and references
therein). The resulting free fatty acids and alcohols are absorbed from
the intestine into the blood stream. The alcohols are metabolised
primarily in the liver through a series of oxidative steps, finally
yielding carbon dioxide (Berg, 2001; HSDB).
Fatty acids are either metabolised via the beta-oxidation pathway in
order to generate energy for the cell or reconstituted into glyceride
esters and stored in the fat depots in the body (Berg et al., 2001). For
fatty acids up to C22, beta-oxidation generally takes place in the
mitochondria, resulting in the final product acetyl-CoA, which directly
enters the citric acids cycle (Berg, 2002). Beta-oxidation of longer
fatty acids takes place in the peroxisomes and is incomplete (Reddy and
Hashimoto, 2001; Singh et al., 1987; Le Borgne and Demarquoy, 2012; and
references therein). It gives rise to medium chain acyl-CoA, which are
then taken in charge by the carnitine octanoyl transferase and converted
into acyl-carnitine that can leave the peroxisome and, at least for some
of them, may be fully oxidized in the mitochondria (Le Borgne and
Demarquoy, 2012; and references therein). Peroxisomalβ-oxidation has
also been shown to take place in fish, mussels and algae (Rocha et al.,
2003; and references therein; Frøyland et al., 2000; Bilbao et al.,
2009; Winkler et al., 1988). Metabolic pathways in fish are generally
similar to those in mammals. Lipids and their constituents, fatty acids,
are in particularly a major organic constituent of fish and play major
roles as sources of metabolic energy (Tocher, 2003).
In conclusion, the substance will be mainly taken up by ingestion and digested through common metabolic pathways, providing a valuable energy source for the organism, as dietary fats. Long-term toxic effects on fish are therefore not to be expected.
Based on this information and for reasons of animal welfare, long-term testing on fish is not proposed.
References:
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L., 2002, Biochemistry, 5th edition, W.H. Freeman and Company
Bilbao, E., Cajaraville, M.P., Cancio, I. (2009), Cloning and expression pattern of peroxisomal β-oxidation genes palmitoyl-CoA oxidase, multifunctional protein and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus, Gene, 443(1-2): 132-42
Le Borgne, F., Demarquoy, J. (2012): Interaction between peroxisomes and mitochondria in fatty acid metabolism, Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2012, 2, 27-33
Frøyland, Lie, Berge (2000), Mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation capacities in various tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Aquaculture Nutrition, 6 (2): 85-89
HSDB – Hazardous Substances Data Bank, Toxnet Home, National Library of Medicinehttp: //toxnet. nlm. nih. gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
Macrae, A.R., Hammond, R.C. (1985) Present and future applications of lipases, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 3: 193-217
Mattson, F.H. and Volpenheim, R.A. (1972): Relative rates of hydrolysis by rat pancreatic lipase of esters of C2-C18 fatty acids with C1-C18 primary n-alcohols, Journal of Lipid Research, 10, 1969
Reddy and Hashimoto (2001) Peroxisomal beta-oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: An adaptive metabolic System, Annual Review of Nutrition, 21, 193-230
Rocha, M.J., Rocha, E., Resende, A.D., Lobo-da-Cunha (2003) Measurement of peroxisomal enzyme activities in the liver of brown trout (Salmo trutta), using spectrophotometric methods, BMC Biochemistry, 4:2, doi:10.1186/1471-2091-4-2
Singh, H., Derwas, N. and Puolos, A. (1987) Beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives by human skin fibroblasts, Arch Biochem Biophys, 254(2): 526-33
Winkler, U., Säftel, W., Stabenau, H. (1988), beta-Oxidation of fatty acids in algae: Localization of thiolase and acyl-CoA oxidizing enzymes in three different organisms, Planta, 175(1): 91-98
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