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EC number: 232-122-7 | CAS number: 7787-59-9
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Bismuth chloride oxide (CAS 7787-59-9) is solid under most environmental conditions. In common with most bismuth salts, the water solubility of bismuth chloride oxide is very low. The water solubility determined according to the OECD guidance 105 (Flask Shake Method, 20 mg/L loading) was < 1 µg/L (at 22.1 °C and pH 1). This result implies that the substance is insoluble even at very low pH conditions. A release into the atmosphere is not expected as the melting point of the substance is > 600°C and volatility is therefore considered negligible. The crystalline structure of bismuth chloride oxide consists of Cl-1-Bi+3-O-2 layers, and is stable under standard environmental conditions (Keramidas, 1993). Therefore any environmental release of bismuth chloride oxide will mainly target the soil and sediment. Since the substance is inorganic the biodegradation concept does not apply.
Bismuth is a rare metal in the Earth’s crust (mean 0.2 mg/kg) and is often associated with metals like Ag, Co, Pb and Zn. Its most common oxidation states are +3 and +5. The oxidation state of +3 is the most common and stable one under ambient and oxic environmental conditions. At the oxidation state of +5 the element is a strong oxidation agent (Kabata-Pendias, 2011).
Bismuth concentrations in stream waters are generally low. Salminen et al. (2005) determined a median value of 0.002 µg Bi/L in European surface water systems and report world-wide values of 0.005 µg/L. Concentrations increase to > 0.16 µg/L in acid environments richch in organic content, volcanic or industrial regions. If bismuth ions get released into the aquatic environment they undergo rapidly hydrolysis under common environmental Eh and pH and forms predominantly insoluble basic salts, co-precipitate with hydrous Fe and Mn oxides or form complexes with organic matter (Salminen et al., 2005).
Bismuth concentrations in European topsoil systems were found in the range of < 0.5 mg/kg and 9.57 mg/kg with the median being < 0.5 mg/kg. High concentrations in soils are coupled to geogenic origin as well as mining activities.
A wide range of solid/solution distribution coefficients for soil were found in literature.Serne (2007) suggested a Kd value of 400 L/Kg (log Kd = 2.6) as an appropriate representative value to assess risk of the element in agricultural soils. Adsorption values in sediment found in literature ranged between 1.36 and 4.5 (Fernandez-Turiel et al., 1995 and Karlsson et al., 2007).
References:
Fernandez-Turiel J.L., Lopez-Soler A., Llorens J.F., and Querol X., Acefiolaza P., Durand F., Lopez J.P., Medina M.E., Rossi J.N., and Toselli A. J., Saavedra J. (1995). Environmental monitoring using surface water, river sediments, and vegetation: a case study in the Famatina range, La Rioja, NW Argentina. Environment International, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 807-820
Kabata-Pendias A. (2011). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, fourth edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-9368-1
Karlsson S., Düker A., Grahn E. (2007).Sediment chronologies of As, Bi, and Ga in Sweden-impact of industrialisation. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng., 42(2):155-64
Salminen, R. (Chief-editor), Batista, M.J., Bidovec, M. Demetriades, A., De Vivo. B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., Halamic, J., Heitzmann, P., Lima, A., Jordan, G., Klaver, G., Klein, P., Lis, J., Locutura, J., Marsina, K., Mazreku, A., O'Connor, P.J., Olsson, S.Å., Ottesen, R.-T., Petersell, V., Plant, J.A., Reeder, S., Salpeteur, I., Sandström, H., Siewers, U., Steenfelt, A., Tarvainen, T. (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Europe. Part 1 – Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland, 526 pp. ISBN 951-690-921-3 [also available at: http://www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/].
Serne J.R, (2007).Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios, Technical Report for Groundwater Protection Project --Characterization of Systems Task
Keramidas, K. G.; Voutsas, G. P.; Rentzeperis, P. I. (1993). "The crystal structure of BiOCl". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 205 (Part-1): 35–40.
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