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EC number: 215-607-8 | CAS number: 1333-82-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- From 1954 to 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The EU RAR summarises the results of a number of fish acute studies which, individually, have limitations regarding study design and reliabilty. However the results of these studies when taken as a whole, provide an adequate assessment of acute toxicity to fish. The data are considered to fulfil the criteria laid down in Annex XI to Regulation 1907/2006: adequate for classification and labelling, adequate coverage of key parameters (lethality), exposure duration comparable or longer that Article 13(3) methods (96 hours), adequate documentation provided: EU RAR, of which parts have been copied to this endpoint record. Reliability for endpoint also increased based on test results from several species.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Guideline:
- other: range of studies
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Several studies, collectively, provide a weight-of-evidence to address the acute toxicity endpoint. The methods include the appropriate endpoints (lethality and sublethal effects) and duration (equal to 96 hours exposure). Results from more species than recommended have been reported and hence provide an adequate representation of acute toxicity to fish.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Various sampling procedures based on multiple studies
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- various test media prepared based on multiple studies in freshwater and salt water.
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Range of species tested
- Details on test organisms:
- Range of species tested
- Test type:
- other: Range of test designs used
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Range used from several studies
- Post exposure observation period:
- None reported
- Hardness:
- Range used from several studies
- Test temperature:
- Range used from several studies
- pH:
- Range used from several studies
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Range used from several studies
- Salinity:
- Range used from several studies
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Range used from several studies
- Details on test conditions:
- Range used from several studies
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- other: see table below
- Remarks on result:
- other: see table below
- Details on results:
- See any other information below.
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
The results of the acute fish toxicity studies evaluated in the EU RAR are summarised below:
Species
Endpoint
Value (mg/l)
Reference
Freshwater
Brachydanio rerio
96-hour LC50
58.5
Bellavere and Gorbi (1981)
Carrasius auratus
96-hour LC50
37.5
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Channa punctatus
96-hour LC50
45.2
Saxena and Parashari (1983)
Colisa fasciatus
96-hour LC50
20.8c
Srivastava et al. (1979)
Ictalurus punctatus
24-hour LC50
58
Cairns Jr. et al (1978)
Lebistes reticulatus
96-hour TLm
30
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Lepomis macrochirus
96-hour LC50
48-hour TLm96-hour LC50
110
213a
120b
Trama and Benoit (1960)
Turnbull et al. (1954)
Cairns Jr. and Scheier (1958)
Morone saxitalis
96-hour LC50
28b
Palawski et al. (1985)
Notemigonus crysoleucas
96-hour LC50
55
Hartwell et al. (1989)
Oncorhynchus mykiss
96-hour LC50
63.6
69a
13d
Brown et al. (1985)
Benoit (1976)
Van Der Putte et al (1981b)
Pimephales promelas
96-hour TLm
96-hour LC5096-hour TLm
17.6
33.2a
45.6b
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Benoit (1976)
Pickering and Henderson (1966)
Salvelinus fontinalis
96-hour LC50
59
Benoit (1976)
Saltwater
Alburnus alburnus*
96-hour LC50
84.8
Lindén et al. (1979)
Chelon labrosus
48-hour LC50
47.2
Taylor et al. (1985)
Citlerichthys stigmaeus
96-hour LC50
30
Mearns et al. (1976)
Cyprinodon variegates
96-hour LC50
25
21.4b
Jop et al. (1987)
Dorn et al. (1987)
Gasterosteus aculcatus*
96-hour LC50
33
35b
Jop et al. (1987)
Limanda limanda
96-hour LC50
47
Taylor et al. (1985)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Based on a review of existing fish data from the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of acute toxicity was achieved.
- Executive summary:
Based on a review of existing fish data from the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of acute toxicity was achieved.
The acute toxicity of chromium (VI) to fish appears to be dependent on the water hardness and also pH. Higher toxicity has generally been seen in soft water and at more acidic pHs, particularly those <6.5. This dependence appears to follow a similar pattern to the uptake of chromium (VI) by fish (see Section 3.1.1.2.4), where it has been postulated that at lower pHs, the main form of chromium (VI) in solution is the monovalent HCrO4 - ion, which has been postulated as having a higher mobility across cell membranes than the divalent chromium (VI) oxyanions found at higher pH.
For some fish species, toxicity data are available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Static experiments in which Danio rerio fish were exposed to 7 concentrations of chromium(VI) were run for 96 hours. All tests were carried out in dilution water (distilled water supplemented with salts) and at a constant temperature (20°C). Oxygen saturation and pH were checked during each experiment and did not decrease significantly until the end of the test. In the analysis the salt potassium dichromate was used. Mortality was checked every 24 hours.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- before GLP was standard
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- not given
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: zebrafish
- Source: commercial, aquarist shops
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 3.5 +/- 0.5 cm
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 30 days
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): The fish were used only if, at the end of acclimation period, they did not exhibit malformations or apparent signs of stress. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Remarks:
- dilution water prepared from distilled water
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 100 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- always close to saturation level, >=90%
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: distilled water mixed with six salts (please refer to section "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables" for further information), aerated for 24 hours
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable):
- Mortality assessed every 24 hrs
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study/Test concentrations: Preliminary tests were made and for each of the toxicants a set of seven concentrations was determined in the range from the highest not causing mortality to the lowest causing 100% mortality. - Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 58.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 58.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 67 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 96 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 12 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 128 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 8 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 183 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The LC50 have been computed using the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- An acute toxicity study was performed with the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) exposed to potassium dichromate for a test duration of 96 h using static test conditions. The study is well documented and meets generally accepted scientific principles, wherefore it is considered to be acceptable for the assessment of the acute toxicity of the registered substance to fish.
Under the conditions used for the test the toxicity of chromium to zebrafish increased over time shown by a constant decrease in LC50 values until 72 hours exposure time. As the standard deviations are approx. equal at all control times, the results can be considered reliable. Based on the obtained results, the 96h LC50 was determined to be nominal 58.5 mg/L. Thus, the obtained LC50 values of chromium(VI) to B. rerio are generally in agreement with those found by other authors. - Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of the test substance to fish was investigated in the above study. Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish) was used as test organism and exposed to seven nominal test concentrations causing 0 - 100% effects for 96 hours of test duration under static test conditions. A control was running in parallel containing dilution water only. The test was carried out at a temperature of 20°C, with a pH of 7.8 and an oxygen concentration above the saturation concentration ( ≥ 90% ASV) throughout the test. Based on the obtained results, the 96h LC50 was determined to be nominal 58.5 mg/L.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
1) Key_ Short-term toxicity to fish by summary of data from European Union Risk Assessment Report: chromium trioxide, sodium chromate, sodium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and potassium dichromate
3rd. Priority List; Volume 53: LC50 (96h) = 13 - 120 mg/L (nominal) for several species from various studies
2) Key_Short-term toxicity to fish: LC50(96h) = 58.8 mg/L (nominal) for Potassium dichromate exposed to Brachydanio rerio (static, freshwater, no guideline followed)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water fish
Fresh water fish
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect concentration:
- 13 mg/L
Additional information
1) Based on a review of existing fish data from the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of acute toxicity was achieved.
The acute toxicity of chromium (VI) to fish appears to be dependent on the water hardness and also pH. Higher toxicity has generally been seen in soft water and at more acidic pHs, particularly those <6.5. This dependence appears to follow a similar pattern to the uptake of chromium (VI) by fish (see Section 3.1.1.2.4), where it has been postulated that at lower pHs, the main form of chromium (VI) in solution is the monovalent HCrO4 - ion, which has been postulated as having a higher mobility across cell membranes than the divalent chromium (VI) oxyanions found at higher pH.
For some fish species, toxicity data are available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
2) The acute toxicity of the test substance to fish was investigeted in the above study. Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish) was used as test organism and exposed to seven nominal test concentrations causing 0 - 100% effects for 96 hours of test duration under static test conditions. A control was running in parallel containing dilution water only. The test was carried out at a temperature of 20°C, with a pH of 7.8 and an oxygen concentration above the saturation concentration ( ≥ 90% ASV) throughout the test. Based on the obtained results, the 96h LC50 was determined to be nominal 58.8 mg/L.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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