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EC number: 233-020-5 | CAS number: 10022-31-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
- Type of information:
- other: Case report
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well documented case report. No information reported on the ingested dose.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Acute barium nitrate intoxication treated by hemodialysis
- Author:
- Balhmann H, Lindwall R, Persson H
- Year:
- 2 005
- Bibliographic source:
- Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49: 110-112
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- clinical case study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Clinical investigation
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Barium nitrate
- EC Number:
- 233-020-5
- EC Name:
- Barium nitrate
- Cas Number:
- 10022-31-8
- Molecular formula:
- Ba(NO3)2
- IUPAC Name:
- barium nitrate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Barium nitrate
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Subjects:
- - Number of subjects exposed: 1
- Sex: male
- Age: 22 years old
- Race: no data
- Demographic information: no data
- Known diseases: The patient was a former chemistry student, who 2 years earlier had suffered moderate brain damage after a chemical experiment in which cyanide was released and inhaled. He still had cerebellar dysfunction, parkinsonian symptoms and mood disturbances. Lately he had repeatedly expressed suicidal thoughts.
- Other: His medications included amitriptyline, diazepam, bromocriptine and levodopa. - Route of exposure:
- oral
- Reason of exposure:
- intentional
- Exposure assessment:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- The patient revealed that he had ingested barium nitrate, which he still kept from his time as a chemistry student.
- Examinations:
- Blood pressure measurements, body temperature, ECG, EEG, chest X-ray, hematology (Hb, WBC, platelets), biochemistry (sodium, potassium, calcium, creatinine, CRP, CK-MB, troponin-I), arterial blood gas analysis, liquor analysis.
- Medical treatment:
- The patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit with a tentative diagnosis of amitriptyline poisoning. Supplemental oxygen was given, a central venous catheter and an arterial line were inserted and infusions comprising glucose, saline and potassium (ranging from 10 to 30 mmol/h) were started. Magnesium sulfate (40 mmol, to stabilize heart rhythm) and sodium bicarbonate were also given. During the next few hours ECG normalized, but hypokalemia persisted. Serum screening for amitriptyline, ethanol, salicylates and acetaminophen were negative. About 10h after admittance the patient's consciousness improved somewhat, and he revealed that he had ingested barium nitrate, which he still kept from his time as a chemistry student.
Results and discussion
- Clinical signs:
- The patient was brought to the emergency department after collapsing at home, with severe vomiting and diarrhea. On admittance he was breathing spontaneously. The patient responded to pain stimuli and made incomprehensible sounds. Pupil reactions were normal. He had increased muscle tonus in his legs. The patient complained of muscle pain and there were signs of muscular weakness.
- Results of examinations:
- - The blood pressure of the patient was 130/90 mmHg, pulse rate was 100/min and the heart rhythm was irregular. Temperature was 37.8°C.
- ECG abnormalities included atrial fibrillation and torsade de pointes. Chest X-ray was normal. A CT-scan of the brain confirmed previously known pathological changes, but nothing new was found. EEG was normal. Laboratory data were as follows: Hb 175 g/L, WBC 21.1 x 1E09/L, platelets 305 x 1E09/L, sodium 144 mmol/L, potassium 1.5 mmol/L, calcium 3.07 mmol/L, creatinine 189 µmol/L, CRP < 10 mg/L, CK-MB 12.6 µg/L and Troponin-I < 0.3 µg/L. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated a moderate combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis with pH 7.28, PaCO2 6.5 kPa, BE -4 mmol/L and bicarbonate 20 mmol/L. Liquor analysis revealed nothing pathological. - Effectivity of medical treatment:
- After contact with the Swedish Poisons Information Center and a Medline search it was decided to insert a jugular dialysis catheter and start veno-venous hemodialysis. During dialysis a rapid improvement of the clinical status was observed. There was a substantial increase in serum potassium as well as a fall in barium levels. Dialysis was stopped after 4h.
- Outcome of incidence:
- The patient was discharged from the ICU and went home 1 day later.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- A case of severe barium poisoning with typical symptoms was presented in this publication. Intense potassium supplementation did not correct hypokalemia and clinical symptoms worsened. Veno-venous hemodialysis was started around 15h after barium nitrate ingestion, resulting in clinical improvement, normalization of serum potassium levels and enhanced clearance of barium. This case completes the existing, scanty documentation published so far on the use of hemodialysis in barium intoxication, and it is recommended that hemodialysis is considered in case of barium intoxication which do not rapidly respond to potassium supplementation.
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