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EC number: 231-212-3 | CAS number: 7447-41-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Acute toxicity data are available for all three ways of exposure:
LD50 (rat, oral): 526 mg/kg bw
LD50 (rat, dermal): > 2000 mg/kg bw
LD50 (rat, inhalation): 5570 mg/m³
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Only data from review article available. No guideline or method indicated.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- other: not applicable
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- The rats were 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months old.
- Details on oral exposure:
- Lithium chloride was given intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and orally.
- Doses:
- No data
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- No data
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- No data
- Statistics:
- No data
- Preliminary study:
- Not applicable
- Key result
- Sex:
- not specified
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 526 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Mortality:
- No data
- Clinical signs:
- other: No data
- Gross pathology:
- No data
- Other findings:
- No data
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 4 based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- According to the review article, the LD50 of lithium chloride is 526 mg/kg bw after oral administration to rats.
- Executive summary:
According to the reviewarticle, the LD50 of lithium chloride is 526 mg/kg bw after oral administration to rats.
Reference
In relation to age, LD50 was significantly higher in rats of 6 weeks after oral administration than LD50 in rats of 3 and 6 months. No differences were found following intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration. In relation to route of administration, LD50 was significantly higher in rats of 3 and 6 weeks after oral administration than LD50 after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration. This difference was not found in rats of 3 and 6 months. It is concluded that age and route of administration are of significance for LD50 of Lithium chloride in the rat.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 526 mg/kg bw
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1999-03-23 to 1999-06-11
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Version / remarks:
- 1981
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))
- Version / remarks:
- 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.1300 (Acute inhalation toxicity)
- Version / remarks:
- 1998
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- NA
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- acute toxic class method
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories
- Weight at study initiation: males: 253 g to 319 g
- Housing: animals were individually housed in stainless steel suspended rat cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, Purina Laboratory Rodent Chow 5001
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, fresh tap water
- Acclimation period: animals were acclimated for a minimum of 5 days prior to study start
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18.3°C - 20.6°C
- Humidity (%): 53 % - 61 %
- Air changes (per hr): the exposure was conducted for 4 hours. At the end of the exposure, the chamber was cleared for approximately 10 minutes by drawing room air through it at the same flow rate (37.2 litres per minute) prior to removing the animals
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours fluorescent light/ 12 hours dark - Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- nose only
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: The 11-liter ADG nose-only exposure chamber was made of anodized aluminium and was operated dynamically.
- Source and rate of air: The calculated 99 % equilibrium time for the chamber at a flow rate of 37.2 litres per minute was 1.4 minutes (equivalent to 1 "air change" every 18 seconds).
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: The test animals were assigned to and housed in individual polycarbonate nose-only tubes during the exposure. The tube position assignment ensured equal distribution of both sexes around the chamber.
- Method of particle size determination: The aerodynamic particle size distribution was determined by gravimetric analysis of the amount of test material collected on the impactor stages. The MMAD, GSD and the percent of aerosol less than or equal to 1, 10, and 15 microns in size were determined by logarithmic-probability plotting.
- Treatment of exhaust air: The chamber air was exhaust from the bottom of the chamber and passes through an orifice tube system which continuously monitored airflow and then through a commercial filter box.
- Temperature, humidity, in air chamber: 21.7 °C, 74 %
TEST ATMOSPHERE (if not tabulated)
- Particle size distribution: Chamber air samples were also taken twice during the exposure to determine the aerodynamic particle size distribution of airbone material. The samples were drawn through a Sierra Series 218 cascade impactor at 2.82 litres per minute.
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter)/GSD (Geometric st. dev.): less than or equal to 1, 10, and 15 microns in size were determined by logarithmic-probability plotting - Duration of exposure:
- 4 h
- Concentrations:
- mean concentration: 5.57 mg/L
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Statistics:
- Particle size distributions will be determined, by log-probability plotting of the data and subsequent determination of the MMAD, GSD and other particle size parameters from the data plots. The LC50 and 95 % confidence limits will be determined, if applicable, by a suitable logit or probit analysis.
- Preliminary study:
- NA
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 5.57 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Mortality:
- One female died on study day 1.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Treatment-related clinical signs observed during the study included chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea, decreased locomotion, dyspnea, lacrimation, oral discharge and squinting eyes. Other signs included abdominogenital staining of the fur, unkempt fur a
- Body weight:
- Three females lost weight during day 0 through day 7 weighing interval. These same animals gained weight during the day 7 through day 14 weighing interval. The remaining animals exhibited normal increases in body weight during the study.
- Gross pathology:
- There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal at necropsy.
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, the 4-hour LC50 for Lithium chloride is greater than 5.57 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The acute inhalation toxicity of Lithium chloride in Sprague-Dawley rats was determined according to OECD Guideline 403 and EU method B.2. A group of five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed to a respirable aerosol of Lithium Chloride. Animals were exposed for 4 hours at a mean concentration of 5.57 mg/L in a dynamically-operated, nose-only inhalation exposure chamber. Gravimetric airborne test material samples were taken frequently during the exposure. Particle size samples were taken twice during the exposure. Observations for toxicity and mortality were performed frequently during the exposure, upon removal of the rats from the chamber, at one hour post-exposure and twice daily thereafter for 14 days. Individual body weights were recorded immediately prior to exposure on day 0 and on days 7 and 14. On day 14, all surviving animals were sacrificed and gross necropsy examinations were performed. Gross necropsies were also performed on animals dying prior to study termination.
One animal died during the study. Treatment-related clinical signs observed during the study included chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea, decreased locomotion, dyspnea, lacrimation, oral discharge and squinting eyes. Most signs resolved by day 3 post-exposure and all surviving animals were normal from day 10 through study termination. Three females lost weight during the day 0 through day 7 weighing interval. These same animals gained weight during the day 7 through day 14 weighing interval. The remaining animals exhibited normal increases in body weight during the study. There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal at necropsy.
Under the conditions of this study, the 4-hour LC50 for Lithium chloride is greater than 5.57 mg/L.
Reference
No other information
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Value:
- 5 570 mg/m³ air
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1994-10-13 to 1995-01-11
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Version / remarks:
- 1987
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.3 (Acute Toxicity (Dermal))
- Version / remarks:
- 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 81-2 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Version / remarks:
- 1984
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- NA
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Lot/batch No.of test material: 0997
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: at room temperature - Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: Young adult
- Weight at study initiation: 242 g to 299 g
- Housing: individually housed in stainless steel suspended rat cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, Purina Rodent Chow 5001 (pellets)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, fresh tap water
- Acclimation period: The animals were acclimated for a minimum of 5 calendar days prior to study start.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20.6°C - 21.2°C
- Humidity (%): 56 % - 61%
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours fluorescent/ 12 hours dark - Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on dermal exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: Dermal application on intact skin
- Type of wrap if used: 4 ply 4x4 inch gauze pad, hypoallergenic tape, elastic bandage, lined with plastic
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): The test material will be wiped away with a clean gauze pad moistened with tap water.
- Time after start of exposure: 24 hours - Duration of exposure:
- 24 hours
- Doses:
- Doses corresponding to a dosage level of 2000 mg/kg were individually calculated based on the body weight of each animal on the day of dosing.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Observations for toxicity: approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours following dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days; body weights: on days 0, 7 and 14
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight, local irritation, necropsy - Statistics:
- Not performed
- Preliminary study:
- NA
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- discriminating dose
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Mortality:
- There were no deaths.
- Clinical signs:
- other: All rats remained healthy during the study.
- Gross pathology:
- There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal at necropsy.
- Other findings:
- NA
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg in male and female rats when topically applied.
- Executive summary:
The toxic effects of Lithium chloride in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated according to OECD Guideline 402 and EU method B.3 on acute dermal toxicity. Lithium Chloride (moistened with tap water) was topically applied to five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex at a dosage level of 2000 mg/kg. The test material was in contact with the intact skin for 24 hours under an occlusive wrap. Observations for toxicity were conducted at approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours following dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days. A description of local irritation was recorded on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Body weights were recorded on days 0, 7 and 14 of the study. A gross necropsy was performed on all animals.
There were no deaths. All rats remained healthy and gained weight during the study. No irritations were noted on any of the test sites. All animals appeared normal at necropsy.
Under the conditions of this study, the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg in male and female rats when topically applied.
Reference
Mean body weights:
|
Day 0 |
Day 7 |
Day 14 |
Female |
295 ± 6.9 |
342 ± 7.9 |
397 ± 10.2 |
Female |
263 ± 15.9 |
270 ± 18.8 |
287 ± 14.2 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
Additional information
Acute oral toxicity
According to a review article, the LD50 of Lithium chloride is 526 mg/kg bw after oral administration to rats. This results fits to data obtained for other lithium salts like Li2CO3.
Acute inhalation toxicity
Two acute inhalation toxicity studies were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats according to OECD Guideline 403 and EU method B.2. In these studies a group of five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed to a respirable aerosol of Lithium Chloride. Animals were exposed for 4 hours at a mean concentration of 5.57 mg LiCl/L (and 5.53 mg LiCl/L) in a dynamically-operated, nose-only inhalation exposure chamber. Observations for toxicity and mortality were performed frequently during the exposure, upon removal of the rats from the chamber, at one hour post-exposure and twice daily thereafter for 14 days.
A single mortality occured in one study. Treatment-related clinical signs observed during the study included chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea, decreased locomotion, dyspnea, lacrimation, oral discharge and squinting eyes. Most signs resolved by day 3 post-exposure and all surviving animals were normal from day 10 through study termination. Three females lost weight during the day 0 through day 7 weighing interval. These same animals gained weight during the day 7 through day 14 weighing interval. The remaining animals exhibited normal increases in body weight during the study. There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal at necropsy.
At the other test all animals survived to study termination. Treatment-related clinical signs observed during the study included chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea and decreased feces. All animals were normal from day 2 of study through study termination. All animals gained weight during the study. No treatment related gross internal lesions were noted during necropsy.
In conclusion, it could be shown in two inhalation studies, performed with the concentrations of 5.53 mg/L and 5.57 mg/L that the LC50 is higher than 5.57 mg/L (5570 mg/m3).
Acute dermal toxicity
The toxic effects of Lithium chloride in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated according to OECD Guideline 402 and EU method B.3 on acute dermal toxicity. Lithium Chloride (moistened with tap water) was topically applied to five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex at a dosage level of 2000 mg/kg. The test material was in contact with the intact skin for 24 hours under an occlusive wrap. Observations for toxicity were conducted at approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours following dosing and daily thereafter for 14 days. A description of local irritation was recorded on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Body weights were recorded on days 0, 7 and 14 of the study. A gross necropsy was performed on all animals.
There were no deaths. All rats remained healthy and gained weight during the study. No irritations were noted on any of the test sites. All animals appeared normal at necropsy.
In conclusion, the LD50 was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in male and female rats when topically applied.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the results of the acute oral toxicity study, lithium chloride is classified and labelled as acutely toxic cat. 4 (H302: Harmful if swallowed) according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP).
Based on the results of the acute dermal and acute inhalation toxicity study, the test substance is not subjected to classification and labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP).
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