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EC number: 200-578-6 | CAS number: 64-17-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1983
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- This well-designed study with intention for use in forensic studies gave consistent respiratory uptake values and fractional uptake values across all 11 volunteers and values close to previously published data. There was robust support for the conclusion that inspired ethanol can be considered as a source of elevation of blood alcohol concentration.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Handling of inspired vapourized ethanol in the airways and lungs (with comments on forensic aspects).
- Author:
- Kruhoffer, P.W.
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- Forensic Sci Int. 21:1-17.
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- absorption
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study to determine the fraction of inspired ethanol vapour that is taken up by human volunteers by measuring the ethanol concentration in inspired and expired air and monitoring resultant blood ethanol concentrations. A number of experiments were performed to hold constant variables such as ethanol concentration, tidal volume, work rate and respiratory frequency.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Ethanol
- EC Number:
- 200-578-6
- EC Name:
- Ethanol
- Cas Number:
- 64-17-5
- Molecular formula:
- C2H6O
- IUPAC Name:
- ethanol
- Details on test material:
- no data
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- human
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Normal adults. Ages 24-66, weights 63-82kg
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: oral drink in orange juice followed by prolonged inhalation
- Vehicle:
- other: inspired air
- Details on exposure:
- INHALATION: TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: mouth only
GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Exposure apparatus: Ethanol pumped at a controlled rate (0.61g/min) into a heated column packed with glass wool, glass marbles and filter paper through which compressed air was passed. The ethanol/air mixture was held in a 6 litre Douglas bag as a gas depot. This was connected to a mouthpiece fitted with an infinitely variable sliding valve to allow admission of either air or the air/ethanol mixture. The whole apparatus, up to and including the mouthpiece was in a temperature controlled chamber at 37C. The air/ethanol supply tube had a sampling point from which samples could be taken for ethanol concentration determination.
- Treatment of exhaust air: The expiration tube of the mouthpiece was connected to a T-valve to allow expired air to be directed into a 90l Douglas bage (all within the 37C environment.
ORAL:
Ethanol dose taken in 250ml orange juice 1.5-2hr after a light breakfast followed by periodic light exercise. - Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- INHALATION: 1 hour(s)
ORAL: Monitored for 4.3 hours.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
INHALATION: 10-12mg/l (approximately 6000ppm after taking into account temperature of 28C and pressure of 760Torr.
ORAL: 0.7g/kg
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- INHALATION EXPERIMENT: 11
ORAL DOSE EXPERIMENT: 6 - Control animals:
- no
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- ORAL: Four blood samples taken during last 2 hours of observation.
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- Test with a single subject at 14mg/l (7000ppm) and 26l/min produced feelings of warmth in the URT and an occasional sensation of not wanting to continue to breath the atmosphere. Concentrations of 18-19mg/l (9500-10000ppm) produced a marked urge to cough. The selected concentration for the main experiment was the highest bearable concentration without significant adverse subjective effects.
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- The fractional absorption was typically around 55% (variation less than 10% within and between individuals) and was found to be not detectably affected by variations in tidal volume, breathing frequency nor the existing blood ethanol concentration. The concentration of ethanol in expired air did not fall below 30%.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- not measured
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results varied from 52 -59% for a single subject exposed only to ethanol vapour over different experiments with different tidal volumes (0.58 -2.32/l) and different respiratory frequencies (9 -32/min).
In the larger experiment which looked at ethanol inhalation uptake after an oral dose, again aa range of 50 -56% of ethanol in air was absorbed by adult volunteers and fractional absorption was not affected by variations in tidal volume (0.7 to 2.1 litres), nor by the presence of systemic blood levels up to 50 times higher than that of inspired air. Absorption fractions were about 0.55 and the concentration in end expiratory air did not fall below some 30% of the inspired air. Respiratory uptakes were 8.3 -11.6g/hr (range of means across the 11 volunteer studies).
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): other: study not suitable for deriving bioaccumulation potential.
Inspired ethanol is a significant contributor to elevations of blood alcohol concentration. - Executive summary:
In a study to determine the fractional uptake of ethanol during inhalation exposure, human volunteers were exposed to ethanol vapour concentrations of 10 -12mg/l (6000ppm) for periods of 1 hour. Experiments were done with and without a prior dose of ethanol by the oral route. The fractional absorption was typically around 55% (variation less than 10% within and between individuals) and was found to be not detectably affected by variations in tidal volume, breathing frequency nor the existing blood ethanol concentration. The concentration of ethanol in expired air did not fall below 30%.
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