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EC number: 232-433-8 | CAS number: 8028-48-6 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other
- Type of information:
- calculation (if not (Q)SAR)
- Remarks:
- Migrated phrase: estimated by calculation
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with limited documentation / justification
- Remarks:
- Values for individual constituents of this natural complex substance (NCS) were calculated using a validated QSAR. All constituents fall within the applicability domain of the QSAR.
- Justification for type of information:
- See QMRF document "BCFBAF.pdf" attached to this record.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- NCSs, consisting of a number of constituents, do not have one single BCF value but a range of BCF values.
The range of BCF is based on calculated values for the individual constituents derived by QSAR from log Kow.
A drawback of every QSAR is that biotransformation is not included. The calculation method for BCF is generally realistic for the actual value, unless biotransformation occurs. When a substance is subject to biotransformation, the actual BCF will be lower than the calculated BCF. Thus, BCF calculations by QSAR are a worst case approach.
The TGD provides the following information about the different QSAR models available for estimating BCF from log Kow: “Among the QSAR models based on the correlation between BCF and Kow, Meylan et al. (1999) compared their proposed fragment-based approach with a linear (Veith & Kosian, 1983) and bilinear (Bintein et al., 1993) model, using a data set of 610 non-ionic compounds. The fragment method provided a considerably better fit to the data set of recommended BCF values than the other two methods, as shown by the higher R2 value, but more importantly, a much lower SD and ME.” This supports the use of the more recently developed model based on Meylan et al (1999) instead of the older model according to Veith et al (1979). The regression method has been revised since 1999 and this QSAR is validated and incorporated in the EPIWIN program as the Log BCF regression-based estimate in the BCFBAF v3.00 programme. Attention is paid that each constituent falls within the applicability domain of the QSAR. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Key result
- Type:
- other: log BCF
- Value:
- 1.502 - 2.597 dimensionless
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Calculation basis:
- other: QSAR model based on log Kow
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 32 - 156 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Calculation basis:
- other: QSAR model based on log Kow
- Remarks on result:
- other: for fration of terpenoids, typically ~13% of orange oil
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 261 - 395 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Calculation basis:
- other: QSAR model based on log Kow
- Remarks on result:
- other: for fraction of hydrocarbon terpenes, typically ~83% of orange oil
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 361 L/kg
- Basis:
- whole body w.w.
- Calculation basis:
- other: QSAR model based on log Kow
- Remarks on result:
- other: for limonene, typical 80% of orange oil
- Conclusions:
- The range of log BCF values for the known constituents of orange oil is 1.502 - 2.597. The BCF was in the range of 32 – 156 for oxygenated monoterpenoids, typically 13% of oil and 261 – 395 for hydrocarbon terpenes, typically 83% of oil.
- Executive summary:
The log BCF values of known orange oil constituents were estimated using the validated QSAR BCFBAF v 3.00 in the EPIWIN programme. Log Kow estimates were calculated using the corresponding log Kow value estimated by KOWWIN (see chapter 4.7)
The BCF of the constituents in Orange Oil was calculated to be in the range of 32 – 156 for monoterpenoids (typically 13% of oil) and 261 – 395 for hydrocarbon terpenes (typically 83% of oil). As the constituents are readily biodegradable, it is likely that they will also be biotransformed in higher organisms so a high bioaccumulation factor is actually not expected.
Reference
Estimated log BCF values for the known constituents of orange oil:
Substance | CAS | Fraction | Estimated log BCF |
D-limonene | 5989-27-5 | 0.8 | 2.557 |
Citral | 5392-40-5 | 0.01 | 1.94 |
beta-Myrcene | 123-35-3 | 0.02 | 2.418 |
Linalool | 78-70-6 | 0.04 | 1.627 |
Alpha-Terpineol | 98-55-5 | 0.01 | 1.831 |
Alpha-pinene | 7785-70-8 | 0.01 | 2.597 |
Citronellal | 106-23-0 | 0.01 | 2.194 |
Decanal | 112-31-2 | 0.03 | 2.15 |
Octanal | 124-13-0 | 0.03 | 1.502 |
Description of key information
The estimated BCF of the constituents in Orange Oil was in the range of 32 – 156 for monoterpenoids, typically 13% of Orange oil and 261 – 395 for hydrocarbon terpenes, typically 83% of Orange oil. With d-limonene as the main constituent the BCF is 361 for >60% (typical 80%) of the NCS.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- BCF (aquatic species):
- 361 L/kg ww
Additional information
- no BCF data available for Orange Oil
- BCF difficult to determine for mixtures
- REACH Annex XI encourages the use of alternative information at all supply levels before a new vertebrate test is conducted
- the constituents as well as the test substance Orange oil is considered readily biodegradable thus exposure of the aquatic compartment is expected to be low
The range of BCF can be based on calculated or measured values of the individual constituents. Very few measured BCF values are available for the individual constituents. However, for all constituents, calculated BCF values can be derived by QSAR from log Kow.
In the constituent approach, estimated BCF values for the constituents have been used instead of measured. Thus the justification for use of constituent approach and estimated BCF values includes:
A drawback of every QSAR is that biotransformation is not included. The calculation method for BCF is generally realistic for the actual value, unless biotransformation occurs. When a substance is subject to biotransformation, the actual BCF will be lower than the calculated BCF. Thus, BCF calculations by QSAR are a worst case approach.
The TGD provides the following information about the different QSAR models available for estimating BCF from log Kow: “Among the QSAR models based on the correlation between BCF and Kow, Meylan et al. (1999) compared their proposed fragment-based approach with a linear (Veith & Kosian, 1983) and bilinear (Bintein et al., 1993) model, using a data set of 610 non-ionic compounds. The fragment method provided a considerably better fit to the data set of recommended BCF values than the other two methods, as shown by the higher R2 value, but more importantly, a much lower SD and ME.” This supports the use of the more recently developed model based on Meylan et al (1999) instead of the older model according to Veith et al (1979). The regression method has been revised since 1999 and this QSAR is validated and incorporated in the EPIWIN program as the Log BCF regression-based estimate in the BCFBAF v3.00 programme. Attention is paid that each constituent falls within the applicability domain of the QSAR.
Log BCF values of known orange oil constituents were calculated using Log Kow estimates that were calculated using the corresponding log Kow value estimated by KOWWIN (see IUCLID chapter 4.7).
The estimated BCF of the constituents in Orange Oil was in the range of 32 – 156 for monoterpenoids, typically 13% of Orange oil and 261 – 395 for hydrocarbon terpenes, typically 83% of Orange oil. With d-limonene as the main constituent the BCF is 361 for >60% (typical 80%) of the NCS.
As the constituents are readily biodegradable, it is likely that they will also be biotransformed in higher organisms so a high bioaccumulation factor is actually not expected.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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