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EC number: 202-849-4 | CAS number: 100-41-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Additional toxicological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- additional toxicological information
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1986
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Data from handbook or collection of data
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Sensory Irritation by Airborne Chemicals: A Basis to establish Acceptable Levels of Exposure
- Author:
- Yves, A. et al.
- Year:
- 1 986
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology of the nasal passages, Ed.: Craig S.Barrow, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Chapter 6, pp:91-100
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- This publication describes the toxicological investigation of airborne chemicals in mice when exposed via inhalation with whole body plethysmography.
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings located in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa by irritating airborne substances causes a variety of reflex reactions. These include inhibition of breathing, bradycardia, and a rise in systemic blood pressure. These reactions to airborne materials are indicative of a chemical's likelihood to irritate and potentially damage the respiratory tract. In particular, the inhibi¬tion of breathing is easy to measure in experimental animals. Using mice, an animal model has been developed based on their characteristic decrease in respiratory rate.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Ethylbenzene
- EC Number:
- 202-849-4
- EC Name:
- Ethylbenzene
- Cas Number:
- 100-41-4
- Molecular formula:
- C8H10
- IUPAC Name:
- ethylbenzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Ethylbenzene
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
Stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings located in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa by irritating airborne substances causes a variety of reflex reactions. These include inhibition of breathing, bradycardia, and a rise in systemic blood pressure. These reactions to airborne materials are indicative of a chemical's likelihood to irritate and potentially damage the respiratory tract. In particular, the inhibition of breathing is easy to measure in experimental animals. Using mice, an animal model has been developed based on their characteristic decrease in respiratory rate. Concentration-response relationships can be obtained from the RD50—the concentration necessary to decrease respiratory rate by 50%. It has been found that a good correlation exists between 0.03 RDso and the threshold limit values (TLVs) for 40 industrial chemicals. This finding provides an animal model that can be used to set exposure guidelines for the prevention of sensory irritation in humans.These studies have also revealed that a wide variety of chemicals act as sensory irritants. The mechanisms of their effect are reviewed and generally fit three categories: (1) reactivity toward nucleophilic groups, ,(2) cleavage of disulphide bonds, and (3) a purely physical mechanism involving the thermodynamic and solubility properties of the irritant in a lipid bilayer containing receptor proteins.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings located in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa by irritating airborne substances causes a variety of reflex reactions. These include inhibition of breathing, bradycardia, and a rise in systemic blood pressure. These reactions to airborne materials are indicative of a chemical's likelihood to irritate and potentially damage the respiratory tract. In particular, the inhibi¬tion of breathing is easy to measure in experimental animals. Using mice, an animal model has been developed based on their characteristic decrease in respiratory rate. Concentration-response relationships can be obtained from the RD50—the concentration necessary to decrease respiratory rate by 50%. It has been found that a good correlation exists between 0.03 RDso and the threshold limit values (TLVs) for 40 industrial chemicals. This finding provides an animal model that can be used to set exposure guidelines for the prevention of sensory irritation in humans.These studies have also revealed that a wide variety of chemicals act as sensory irritants. The mechanisms of their effect are reviewed and generally fit three categories: (1) reactivity toward nucleophilic groups, ,(2) cleavage of disulphide bonds, and (3) a purely physical mechanism involving the thermodynamic and solubility properties of the irritant in a lipid bilayer containing receptor proteins.
- Executive summary:
This publication describes the toxicological investigation of airborne chemicals in mice when exposed via inhalation with whole body plethysmography. The method for measuring respiratory rate in mice during exposure to airborne chemicals has been described as follows. Briefly, the tidal volume and respiratory rate of each animal are obtained by body plethysmography and recorded on an osciliograph, so that the characteristic pause during expiration can be observed as an indication of the presence of sensory irritation. The average respiratory rate of four mice simultaneously exposed is obtained from this recording. To obtain concentration-response relationships, 5-8 groups of 4 animals are used, each exposed to a different concentration of the chemical being investigated. From the concentration-response relationship, the RD50, i.e., the concentration necessary to decrease the respiratory rate by 50%, is calculated.
Stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings located in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa by irritating airborne substances causes a variety of reflex reactions. These include inhibition of breathing, bradycardia, and a rise in systemic blood pressure. These reactions to airborne materials are indicative of a chemical's likelihood to irritate and potentially damage the respiratory tract. In particular, the inhibi¬tion of breathing is easy to measure in experimental animals. Using mice, an animal model has been developed based on their characteristic decrease in respiratory rate. Concentration-response relationships can be obtained from the RD50—the concentration necessary to decrease respiratory rate by 50%. It has been found that a good correlation exists between 0.03 RDso and the threshold limit values (TLVs) for 40 industrial chemicals. This finding provides an animal model that can be used to set exposure guidelines for the prevention of sensory irritation in humans.These studies have also revealed that a wide variety of chemicals act as sensory irritants. The mechanisms of their effect are reviewed and generally fit three categories: (1) reactivity toward nucleophilic groups, ,(2) cleavage of disulphide bonds, and (3) a purely physical mechanism involving the thermodynamic and solubility properties of the irritant in a lipid bilayer containing receptor proteins.
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