Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 232-142-6 | CAS number: 7789-06-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- genetic toxicity in vivo, other
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: other: review of published studies
- Type of information:
- other: review
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Summary of available studies on in vivo genotoxicity of Cr(VI).
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: review of genoxicity studies
- Title:
- Review of in vivo genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium
- Year:
- 2 010
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- review of published studies
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- other: review of published studies
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Hexavalent chromium
- IUPAC Name:
- Hexavalent chromium
- Details on test material:
- review of published studies
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- other: review of published studies
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- review of published studies
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: review of published studies
- Vehicle:
- review of published studies
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- not specified
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table1. Genotoxicity of hexavalent chromiumin vivo
Species (test system) |
End point |
Re-sults |
Reference |
Compound |
|
Drosophila melanogaster |
Gene mutation |
+ |
(Rasmuson 1985;Zimmering, Mason et al. 1985;Rodriguez-Arnaiz and Martinez 1986) |
K-dichromate, Na-dichromate, Cr- trioxide Ca-chromate |
|
D. melanogaster |
Gene mutation |
+ |
(Kaya, Creus et al. 2002) |
K-dichromate |
|
D. melanogaster |
Gene mutation |
+ |
(Amrani, Rizki et al. 1999) |
K-chromate, K-dichromate |
|
Human lymphocytes |
Chromosomal aberrations |
+ |
(Sarto, Cominato et al. 1982;Koshi, Yagami et al. 1984) |
Stainless steel, welding fumes, Cr- trioxide |
|
Human lymphocytes |
Chromosomal aberrations |
– |
(Husgafvel-Pursiainen, Kalliomaki et al. 1982) |
Stainless steel, welding fumes |
|
Human lymphocytes |
Sister chromatid exchanges |
+ |
(Sarto, Cominato et al. 1982;Stella, Montaldi et al. 1982;Koshi, Yagami et al. 1984;Lai, Kuo et al. 1998) |
Cr- plating, stainless steel, welding fumes, Cr- trioxide |
|
Human lymphocytes |
DNA strand breaks, hydroxylation of deoxyquanosine |
– |
(Gao, Levy et al. 1994) |
Production of bichromate |
|
Human lymphocytes |
Sister chromatid exchanges |
- |
(Nagaya, Ishikawa et al. 1991) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human lymphocytes |
Sister chromatid exchanges, DNA strand breaks |
+ |
(Werfel, Langen et al. 1998) |
Welding fumes |
|
Human peripheral lymphocytes |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Vaglenov, Nosko et al. 1999) |
Cr- electroplating |
|
Human peripheral lymphocytes |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Benova, Hadjidekova et al. 2002) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human buccal mucosa |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Benova, Hadjidekova et al. 2002) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human peripheral lymphocytes |
Chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges |
|
(Benova, Hadjidekova et al. 2002) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human peripheral lymphocytes |
DNA strand breaks |
+ |
(Gambelunghe, Piccinini et al. 2003) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human buccal mucosa |
Chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges |
+ |
(Benova, Hadjidekova et al. 2002) |
Cr- plating |
|
Human whole blood cells |
Sister chromatid exchanges |
+ |
(Wu, Wu et al. 2001) |
Cr- electroplating |
|
New polychromatic erythrocytes |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Le Curieux, Marzin et al. 1992) |
K-chromate |
|
Rat lung (intratracheal exposure) |
DNA alterations |
+ |
(Izzotti, Balansky et al. 1998) |
Na-dichromate |
|
Rat lung (intratracheal exposure) |
DNA alterations |
- |
(Izzotti, Balansky et al. 1998) |
Na-dichromate |
|
Rat liver (oral exposure) |
DNA-protein crosslinks |
|
(Coogan, Motz et al. 1991) |
K-chromate |
|
Rat liver and kidney nuclei (intraperitoneal exposure) |
DNA-protein crosslinks |
|
(Cupo and Wetterhahn 1985) |
Cr- oxide |
|
Rat liver, kidney, and lung nuclei (intraperitoneal exposure) |
DNA-protein crosslinks |
|
(Tsapakos, Hampton et al. 1983) |
Na-dichromate |
|
Rat hepatocytes (oral exposure) |
Unscheduled DNA synthesis |
|
(Mirsalis, Hamilton et al. 1996) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse erythrocytes (oral exposure) |
Micronuclei |
- |
(Shindo, Toyoda et al. 1989) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse (B6C3F1, BALB/c) erythrocytes (oral exposure) |
Micronuclei |
- |
(NTP 2007) |
Na-dichromate dihydrate |
|
Mouse (am3-C57BL/6) erythrocytes (oral exposure) |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(NTP 2007) |
Na-dichromate dihydrate |
|
Mouse (transplacental exposure) |
DNA deletions |
+ |
(Kirpnick-Sobol, Reliene et al. 2006) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse (BDF1) bone marrow cells (drinking water exposure) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse (BDF1) peripheral blood cells(drinking water exposure) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse (BDF1) bone marrow cells(drinking water exposure) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
Na-dichromate |
|
Mouse (BDF1) peripheral blood cells(drinking water exposure) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
Na-dichromate dihydrate |
|
Mouse (BDF1) bone marrow cells (gavage exposure) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse (Swiss) fetal peripheral blood cells(transplacental exposure from intraperitoneal injection) |
Micronuclei |
|
(De Flora, Iltcheva et al. 2006) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse leukocytes |
DNA damage |
+ |
(Devi, Rozati et al. 2001) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse erythrocytes (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Micronuclei |
- |
(Shindo, Toyoda et al. 1989) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse erythrocytes (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Wild 1978;Itoh and Shimada 1997) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse erythrocytes (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Itoh and Shimada 1997) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse peripheral lymphocytes |
DNA damage |
+ |
(Wang, Xing et al. 2006) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse bone marrow cells (oral exposure) |
Micronuclei |
- |
(Mirsalis, Hamilton et al. 1996) |
K-chromate |
|
Mouse bone marrow cells (gavage) |
Chromosomal aberrations |
+ |
(Chorvatoviĉova and Ginter 1993) |
Cr- trioxide |
|
Mouse bone marrow cells (intraperitoneal exposed) |
Cell mutation |
+ |
(Chorvatoviĉova, Kováĉikova et al. 1989) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse hepatocytes (intraperitoneal exposed) |
Cell mutation |
+ |
(Chorvatoviĉova, Kováĉikova et al. 1989;Itoh and Shimada 1997) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse bone marrow cells (intraperitoneal exposed |
Micronuclei |
+ |
(Chorvatoviĉova, Kováĉikova et al. 1989;Chorvatoviĉova and Ginter 1993;Wroñska-Nofer, Wisniewska-Knypl et al. 1999) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Dominant lethality |
+ |
(Paschin, Zacepilova et al. 1982) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse liver and kidney cells (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Single strand breaks |
+ |
(Ueno, Kashimoto et al. 2001) |
K-dichromate |
|
Mouse spleen, lung, and brain cells (intraperitoneal exposure) |
Single strand breaks |
- |
(Ueno, Kashimoto et al. 2001) |
K-dichromate |
|
-= negative results; + = positive results; ± = weakly positive results
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): positive
Majority of the results from in vivo genotoxicity studies support the conclusion that hexavalent chromoium is genotoxic. - Executive summary:
Majority of the results from in vivo genotoxicity studies support the conclusion that hexavalent chromium is genotoxic.
Chromium-induced DNA damage is thought to be the primary mechanism of chromate genotoxicity and mutagenicity, but it is only clearly observed at doses that are also capable of producing cell death. Recently, data has been presented to the EPA’s Cancer Assessment Review Committee (CARC) to support
mutagenicity as the initiating step in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. Structural genetic lesions produced by Cr(VI) include DNA adducts, DNA-strand breaks, DNA–protein crosslinks, oxidized bases, abasic sites, and DNA inter- and intrastrand crosslinks.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.