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EC number: 225-218-5 | CAS number: 4724-48-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2011-27-07 to 2013-03-19
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study conducted in compliance with international standard guidelines under GLP conditions. The pH values of the post-study are missing in the final report
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 012
- Report date:
- 2013
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- 2011-08-31
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Octylphosphonic acid
- EC Number:
- 225-218-5
- EC Name:
- Octylphosphonic acid
- Cas Number:
- 4724-48-5
- Molecular formula:
- C8H19O3P
- IUPAC Name:
- octylphosphonic acid
- Test material form:
- other: granular solid
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report):Octylphosphinic acid (OPA)
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples were taken from the control (replicate R1-R6 pooled) and each test group (replicates R1-R3 pooled) at 0 and 72 hours for quantitative analysis. All o-hour samples were stored at approximately -20°C prior to analysis. Duplicate samples were taken at 0 and 72 hours and stored at approximately -20°C for further analysis if necessary
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Amount of test item (100 and 32 mg) were each separely dissolved in the culture medium with the aid of ultrasonication for approximately 30 minutes and the volumes adjusted to 1 litter to give a stock solutions of 100 and 32 mg/L. A series of dilutions was made from these stock solutions of 100 mg and 32 mg/L. A serie of dilutions was made from these stock solutions to give further stock solutions of 10, 3.2 and 1.0 mg/L. An aliquot (900 mL) of each of the stock solutions was separately inoculated with algal suspension (11.7 mL) to give the required test concentration of 1.0; 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L.
The stock solutions and each of the prepared concentrations were inverted several times to ensure adequate mixing and homogeneity.
The concentrations and stability of the test item in the test preparation were verified by chemical analysis at 0 and 72 hours.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name:Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Strain:CCAP 278/4
- Source (laboratory, culture collection):Liquids cultures were obtained from the culture collection of Algae and protozoa (CCAP°, SAMS research services Ltd, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll Scotland
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): No data
- Method of cultivation: Masters cultures were maintained in the laboratory by the periodic replenishment of culture medium, and maintained under constant aeration and illumination at 21°C ±1°C
Prior to the start of the test sufficient master culture was added to approximately 100 mL volumes of culture media contained in conical flasks to give an initial cell density of approximately 10e3 cells/mL. The flask were plugged with polyurethane foam stoppers and kept under constant agitation by orbital shaker (100-150 rpm) and constant illumination at 24°C ± 1°C until algal cell density was approximately 10e4-10e5 cells/mL.
Pre-culture conditions gave an algal suspension in log phase growth characterized by a cell density of 3.83 x 10e5 cells per mL. Inoculation of 900 mL of test medium with 11.7 mL of this algal suspension gave an initial nominal cell density of 5 x 10e3 cells per mL and had no significant dilution effect on the final test concentration.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 24°C ± 1°C
- pH:
- The pH values of the control culture was observed to increase from pH = 8.2 at o-hour to pH = 8.3 at 72-hour . The pH deviation in the control cultures was less than 1.5 units after 72 hours and therefore was within the limits given in the guidelines
A concentration dependent decline in pH was observed with increasing test concentration at 0 hours in the range of pH = 8.1 at 1.0 mg/L through to pH = 3.7 at 100 mg/L. This was considered to be due to an intrinsic property of the test item and hence no adjustment was made to the pH prior to exposure - Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 0, 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32, 100 mg/L
Measured concentration at 0h: 0.745, 0.677, 2.85, 9.15, 30.7, 92.2 mg/L (*)
Measured concentration at 72h: 0, 0.916, 3.05, 9.73, 32.7, 103 mg/L
(*): at 0h, analysis of the sample showed a measured test concentration of 75% of nominal concentration. Analysis of duplicate sample showed a measured concentration of 68% of nominal concentration. Inspection of the data could find no cause for low measured test concentration. Given that a concentration of 92% of nominal concentration was observed at 72 hours, it was considered that the result obtained from o-hour analysis were erroneous. This was considered to have had no adverse effect on the outcome of the test given that the 1.0 mg/L test concentration was below the NOEC.
As such,it was considered appropriate to calculate the results based on nominal test concentration only - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250 mL glass conical flask
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed (Polyurethane foam bungs)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: fill at 100 mL
- Aeration: constantly shaken at approximately 150 rpm during 72h
- Initial cells density: 5x 10e3
- Control end cells density: At 0h, 24h, 47h, 72h
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
- Incubation in INFORS Multitron version 2 incubator
GROWTH MEDIUM
Medium used as describe in guideline
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: reverse osmosis purified deionized water (Elga Optima 15 + or Elga Purelab Option R-15 BP)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes/no
- Adjustment of pH: yes. The pH was adjusted at 7.5 ± 0.1 for the culture medium prior to introduce test item
- Photoperiod: constant illumination
- Light intensity and quality: approximately 7000 lux provided by warm white lighting (380-730 nm)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: [counting chamber; electronic particle counter; fluorimeter; spectrophotometer; colorimeter]
- Chlorophyll measurement:
- Other:
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations:10
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline:
- Range finding study: YES
- Test concentrations: 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: No effects were observed on growth at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L. However, growth was observed to be reduced at 100 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 23 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 40 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 34-44 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 23 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 20-26 mg/L
- Details on results:
- Cell density values determined at each sapling time and pH values at 0 and 72 hours are given in table 2.
Daily specific growth rate for the control cultures are given in table 3. Growth rate and yield values for the control and test cultures after 72 hours and percentage inhibition values are given in table 4.
Validation criteria:
The following data show that the cell concentration of the control cultures increased by a factor of 176 after 72 hours. This increase was in line with the OECD guideline that states the enhancement must be at least by a factor of 16 after 72 hours
Mean cell density of control at 0 hours : 2.50 x 10e3 cells per mL
Mean cell density of control at 72 hours : 9.28 x 10e5 cells per mL
The mean coefficient of variation for section by section specific growth rate for the control cultures was 12% and hence satisfied the validation criterion given in the OECD Guideline which states the mean must not exceed 35%
The coefficient of variation for average specific growth rate for the control cultures over the test period (0-72h) was 3% and hence satisfied the validation criterion given in the OECD Guideline which states that this must not exceed 7%. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Exposure of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (CCAP 278/4) gave the following results:
ErC50 (0-72h): 1.4 mg/L (1.2-1.7 mg/L)
EyC50 (0-72h): 0.59 mg/L (0.53-0.65 mg/L)
NOEC growth rate: 0.25 mg/L
NOEC yield: 0.25 mg/L
LOEC growth rate: 0.50 mg/L
LOEC yield: 0.50 mg/L
The results were within the normal ranges for this reference item - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- One way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) and Dunnett's multiple comparison procedure for comparing severals treatments with a control (Dunnett, 1955) was carried out on the growth rate and yield data after 72 hours for the control and all test concentration to determine any statistical significant differences between the test and the control groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer software package (SAS 1999-2001)
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 2: Cell Densities and pH values in the definitive test
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
pH |
Cell densities * (cells per mL) |
pH |
||||
0h |
0h |
24h |
47h |
72h |
72h |
||
Control |
R1 |
8.2 |
5.04.E+3 |
3.02.E+4 |
1.49.E+5 |
7.24.E+5 |
8.3 |
R2 |
5.19.E+3 |
3.00.E+4 |
1.74.E+5 |
9.36.E+5 |
|||
R3 |
5.02.E+3 |
2.73.E+4 |
1.71.E+5 |
8.55.E+5 |
|||
R4 |
5.82.E+3 |
3.46.E+4 |
1.75.E+5 |
1.06.E+6 |
|||
R5 |
5.09.E+3 |
3.12.E+4 |
1.34.E+5 |
8.83.E+5 |
|||
R6 |
5.04.E+3 |
3.51.E+4 |
1.21.E+5 |
1.11 E+6 |
|||
Mean |
5.20.E+3 |
3.14.E+4 |
1.54.E+5 |
9.28.E+5 |
|||
1.0 |
R1 |
8.1 |
5.23.E+3 |
3.16.E+4 |
1.64.E+5 |
1.00 E+6 |
8.2 |
R2 |
5.06.E+3 |
3.38.E+4 |
1.95.E+5 |
1.03 E+6 |
|||
R3 |
5.38.E+3 |
3.18.E+4 |
1.50.E+5 |
1.01 E+6 |
|||
Mean |
5.23.E+3 |
3.24.E+4 |
1.69.E+5 |
1.01 E+6 |
|||
3.2 |
R1 |
7.9 |
5.22.E+3 |
3.74.E+4 |
1.67.E+5 |
8.66.E+5 |
8.1 |
R2 |
5.02.E+3 |
3.57.E+4 |
1.78.E+5 |
1.17 E+6 |
|||
R3 |
5.09.E+3 |
3.02.E+4 |
1.43.E+5 |
9.19.E+5 |
|||
Mean |
5.11.E+3 |
3.44.E+4 |
1.63.E+5 |
9.85.E+5 |
|||
10 |
R1 |
7.7 |
5.15.E+3 |
3.62.E+4 |
1.54.E+5 |
9.24.E+5 |
7.9 |
R2 |
5.22.E+3 |
3.69.E+4 |
1.74.E+5 |
8.30.E+5 |
|||
R3 |
5.06.E+3 |
3.83.E+4 |
1.90.E+5 |
8.92.E+5 |
|||
Mean |
5.14.E+3 |
3.72.E+4 |
1.72.E+5 |
8.82.E+5 |
|||
32 |
R1 |
7.3 |
5.30.E+3 |
2.26.E+4 |
7.85.E+4 |
3.32.E+5 |
7.3 |
R2 |
5.14.E+3 |
1.98.E+4 |
5.07.E+4 |
1.79.E+5 |
|||
R3 |
5.30.E+3 |
1.93.E+4 |
4.45.E+4 |
1.21.E+5 |
|||
Mean |
5.25.E+3 |
2.05.E+4 |
5.79.E+4 |
2.11.E+5 |
|||
100 |
R1 |
3.7 |
5.06.E+3 |
1.40.E+4 |
5.38.E+3 |
6.98.E+3 |
3.5 |
R2 |
5.03.E+3 |
1.55.E+4 |
1.12.E+4 |
4.01.E+3 |
|||
R3 |
5.07.E+3 |
1.66.E+4 |
7.54.E+3 |
6.41.E+3 |
|||
Mean |
5.06.E+3 |
1.54.E+4 |
8.04.E+3 |
5.80.E+3 |
* cell densities represent the mean number of cells per mL calculated from the mean of the cell counts from 3 counts for each of the replicate flasks.
R1-R6 = Replicate 1 to 6
Table 3: Daily specific growth rates for the control cultures in the definitive test
|
Daily specific growth rate (cells/mL/hour) |
|||
Day 0-1 |
Day 1-2 |
Day 2-3 |
||
Control |
R1 |
0.075 |
0.069 |
0.063 |
R2 |
0.075 |
0.076 |
0.067 |
|
R3 |
0.071 |
0.080 |
0.064 |
|
R4 |
0.081 |
0.071 |
0.072 |
|
R5 |
0.076 |
0.063 |
0.075 |
|
R6 |
0.081 |
0.054 |
0.089 |
|
Mean |
0.077 |
0.069 |
0.072 |
R1-R6 = Replicate 1 to 6
Table 4: Inhibition of growth rate and yield in the definitive test
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
Growth rate (cell/mL/hour) |
Yield (Cell/mL) |
|||
0-72 h |
% Inhibition + |
0-72 h |
% Inhibition +* |
||
Control |
R1 |
0.069 |
|
7.19.E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.073 |
|
9.31.E+05 |
|
|
R3 |
0.071 |
|
8.50.E+05 |
|
|
R4 |
0.074 |
- |
1.06.E+06 |
- |
|
R5 |
0.074 |
|
8.78.E+05 |
|
|
R6 |
0.072 |
|
1.11.E+06 |
|
|
Mean |
0.075 |
|
9.23.E+05 |
|
|
SD |
0.002 |
|
1.42.E+05 |
|
|
1.0 |
R1 |
0.074 |
[3] |
9.99.E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.074 |
[3] |
1.03.E+06 |
|
|
R3 |
0.074 |
[3] |
1.00.E+06 |
|
|
Mean |
0.074 |
[3] |
1.01.E+06 |
[9] |
|
SD |
0.000 |
|
1.49.E+04 |
|
|
3.2 |
R1 |
0.072 |
0 |
8.61.E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.076 |
[6] |
1.16.E+06 |
|
|
R3 |
0.072 |
0 |
9.14.E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.073 |
[2] |
9.80 .E+05 |
[6] |
|
SD |
0.002 |
|
1.62 .E+05 |
|
|
10 |
R1 |
0.072 |
0 |
9.19 .E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.071 |
1 |
8.25 .E+05 |
|
|
R3 |
0.072 |
0 |
8.87 .E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.072 |
0 |
8.77 .E+05 |
5 |
|
SD |
0.001 |
|
4.77 .E+04 |
|
|
32 |
R1 |
0.058 |
19 |
3.27 .E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.050 |
31 |
1.73 .E+05 |
|
|
R3 |
0.044 |
39 |
1.16 .E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.051 |
30 |
2.05 .E+05 |
78 |
|
SD |
0.007 |
|
1.09 .E+05 |
|
|
100 |
R1 |
0.005 |
93 |
1.92 .E+03 |
|
R2 |
-0.003 |
104 |
-1.02 .E+03 |
|
|
R3 |
0.003 |
96 |
1.34 .E+03 |
|
|
Mean |
0.002 |
98 |
7.44 .E+02 |
100 |
|
SD |
0.004 |
|
1.56 .E+03 |
|
+ In accordance with the OECD test guideline inhibition of growth was calculated based on the 0 -Hour measured cell densities whilst inhibition of yield was calculated based on a nominal cell density of 5.00 E+03 cells/mL
* In accordnace with the OECD test guideline only the mean value for yield for each test concentration is calculated
R1 - R6 = Replicates 1 to 6
[Increase in growth as compared to controls]
Table 5: Cell Densities and percentage inhibition of Growth from the post-study experiment
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Cell Densities * (Cells per mL) |
Inhibition Values (%)** |
|||
0 hours |
72 hours |
Growth Rate |
Yield |
||
Control |
R1 |
5.68 E+03 |
6.68 E+05 |
- |
- |
R2 |
5.01 E+03 |
4.67 E+05 |
|||
Mean |
5.34 E+03 |
5.67 E+05 |
|||
1.0 |
R1 |
5.23 E+03 |
7.95 E+05 |
[6] |
[31] |
R2 |
5.17 E+03 |
6.87 E+05 |
|||
Mean |
5.20 E+03 |
7.41 E+05 |
|||
10 |
R1 |
5.38 E+03 |
5.70 E+05 |
[2] |
[12] |
R2 |
5.26 E+03 |
6.95 E+05 |
|||
Mean |
5.32 E+03 |
6.32 E+05 |
|||
100 |
R1 |
7.14 E+03 |
5.89 E+04 |
57 |
92 |
R2 |
6.66 E+03 |
4.30 E+04 |
|||
Mean |
6.90 E+03 |
5.10 E+04 |
*Cell densities represent the mean number of cell per mL calculated from the mean of the cell counts from 3 counts for each of the replicate flasks.
**Inhibition values for growth rate and yield determined based on the 0 -hour measured cell densities
R1 and R2 = Replicate 1 and Replicate 2
[Increase in growth compared to controls]
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The effect of the test item on the growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata has been investigated over a 72-hour period and gave the following result
s:
ErC10 : 23 mg/L
ErC50 : 40 mg/L with 95% confidence limits of 35-44 mg/L
EyC50 : 23 mg/L with 95% confidence limits of 20-26 mg/L
NOEC (growth rate) = 10 mg/L
NOEC (Yield) = 10 mg/L
LOEC Growth rate: 32 mg/L
LOEC Yield = 32 mg/L - Executive summary:
In a 72 hour acute toxicity study, the cultures of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were exposed to OPA at nominal concentrations of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L under static conditions in accordance with the OECD 201, after a range finding study at nominal concentration of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L
Analytical verification showed an acceptable correlation between the nominal and the measured concentration.
The results were based on nominal concentration
The following results were determined:
NOEC Growth Rate and yield = 10 mg/L
EC10 Growth rate= 23 mg/L
EC 50 Growth rate= 40 mg/L with confidence limits of 35 -44 mg/L
EC 50 Yield = 23 mg/L with confidence limits of 20 -26 mg/L
All validity criteria were met, the test can be considered to be valid
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