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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 915-035-5 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Comparable to guideline study. The release of chromium from chromium carbide is very similar to the release from chromium metal and chromium(III) oxide and therefore the results obtained with these substances can readily be used in the assessment of the reaction mass of heptachromium tricarbide and trichromium dicarbide.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- In vitro percutaneous absorption of chromium powder an the effect of skin cleanser
- Author:
- Larese Filon F, D'Agostin F, Crosera M, Adami G, Bovenzi M. and Maina G
- Year:
- 2 008
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology in Vitro 22, 1562-1567
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 428 (Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- In some of the experiments the test substance was removed after 30 minutes
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In some of the experiments the donor solution (containing Cr) was removed after 30 minutes, the skin was cleansed with a detergent, and pure synthetic sweat solution was added instead of the donor solution.
To carry out the experiments, the authors used the experience and protocols employed during the European project EDETOX (evaluations and predictions of dermal absorption of toxic chemicals), funded by EU. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium
- EC Number:
- 231-157-5
- EC Name:
- Chromium
- Cas Number:
- 7440-47-3
- Molecular formula:
- Cr
- IUPAC Name:
- chromium
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Chromium
- Substance type: metal
- Physical state: powder
- Analytical purity: 99.8% purity (metals basis)
Average particle size (APS) <10 µm
Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany)
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Administration / exposure
- Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- SKIN PREPARATION
- Source of skin: human (surgical waste: at least two donors for each experiment, male and female 45-71 years)
- Ethical approval if human skin: no data
- Type of skin: full thickness skin
- Preparative technique: Skin obtained as surgical waste. Prior to freezing, subcutaneous fat was removed and hair shaved.
- Thickness of skin (in mm): <1mm ; mean exposed skin area 3.92 cm2
- Membrane integrity check: Skin integry was checked before and after each experiment using electrical conductibility by means of a conductometer (Metrohm, 660 Conductometer, Herisau, Switzerland). The electrical conductance data (as µS) were converted to K[omega]cm-2. Cells with a resistance <3.95 ± 0.27 K[omega]cm-2were considered to be damaged.
- Storage conditions: Freezer -25 C for a period up to (but not exceeding) 4 months
- Justification of species, anatomical site and preparative technique: no data
PRINCIPLES OF ASSAY
- Diffusion cell: Franz diffusion cells
- Cr metal powder was suspended in a synthetic sweat solution with pH 4.5 (donor fluid)
- Receptor fluid: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.35)
- Solubility od test substance in receptor fluid: no data
- The chromium powder in synthetic sweat was added to the exposure chamber.
- Test temperature: 32 C
- Humidity: no data
- Occlusion: no data
- Reference substance(s): no data
- Other: At 24 h the dermal bathing solution was removed and Cr concentration in the receptor fluid was determined by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
After the experiments the skin was stored in a freezer at -25 C. Before analysis, the skin membranes were dried for 24 h at room temperature. Then the exposed area was cut into sections, weighted and digested in 70% v/v HNO3.
In experiment 2, the donor suspension was removed after 30 minutes, the skin pieces were carefully cleaned using cleanser, and instead of the donor solution synthetic sweat (pH 4.5) was added. The experiment was stopped after 24 h, after which samples were analysed as described above.
Results and discussion
- Absorption in different matrices:
- The permeation study resulted in low concentrations of Cr in the receiving phase at 24 h. The mean concentration was 0.016 µg/cm2 (sd 0.005 µg/cm2). In the experiment containing cleansing after 30 minutes, no detectable amounts of Cr could be detected in the receiving cells.
The Cr amounts detected in the skin samples after the exposures were higher in skin exposed for 30 minutes and cleaned, than in those exposed for 24 h (5.46 ± 1.09 and 3.19 ± 1.48 µg/cm2, respectively; p<0.03 Mann-Whitney U-test)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- An in vitro percutaneous absorption study showed that chromium applied as powder in an artificial sweat suspension at pH 4.5 can penetrate the skin, but the concentrations in the receiving phases are very low. Decontamination, done after 30 minutes of exposure, prevents the Cr skin permeation effectively. The amount of chromium found in the skin layers was higher in the samples exposed for 30 minutes and washed with cleanser, than in those exposed for 24 h. This indicates a rapid initial absorption and ready binding of Cr to proteins.
- Executive summary:
An in vitro percutaneous absorption study showed that chromium applied as powder in an artificial sweat suspension at pH 4.5 can penetrate the skin, but the concentrations in the receiving phases are very low. Decontamination, done after 30 minutes of exposure, prevents the Cr skin permeation effectively.
The amount of chromium found in the skin layers was higher in the samples exposed for 30 minutes and washed with cleanser, than in those exposed for 24 h. This indicates a rapid initial absorption and ready binding of Cr to proteins. Decontamination, done after 30 minutes of exposure, prevents the Cr skin permeation effectively. The amount of chromium found in the skin layers was higher in the samples exposed for 30 minutes and washed with cleanser, than in those exposed for 24 h. This indicates a rapid initial absorption and ready binding of Cr to proteins.
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