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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 204-793-6 | CAS number: 126-57-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well-documented publication meeting basic scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Lipolytic Activity of Human Gastric and Duodenal Juice against Medium and Long Chain Trigylcerides
- Author:
- Cohen, M. et al.
- Year:
- 1 971
- Bibliographic source:
- Gastroenterology, 60(1):1-15.
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- metabolism
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The lipolytic activity of human gastric and duodenal juice against medium chain and long chain triglycerides was compared.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Medium and Long chain triglycerides
- IUPAC Name:
- Medium and Long chain triglycerides
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- human
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: in vitro testing
Results and discussion
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- Products of Lipolysis and Positional Specificity:
The specificity of pancreatic lipase for the 1 -ester bond in LCT has been demonstrated previously by establishing the formation of 2 -monoglycerides and fatty acid as end products of lipolysis. This procedure cannot be used for MCT because medium chain 2 -monoglycerides are either cleaved by pancreatic lipase or rapidly isomerized to the 1 -isomer which is rapidly hydrolyzed or both. Indeed, chromatographic examination of the products of hydrolysis of trioctanoin-14C showed only a small fraction of monoglyceride present.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Enzymatic Lipolysis by Gastric and Duodenal Juice:
All samples of gastric juice showed lipolytic activity against trioctanoin and triolein. Hydrolysis of emulsified trioctanoin was greater than of emulsified triolein. Hydrolysis of unemulsified trioctanoin was less and more variable. Duodenal juice was more active, even against unemulsified trioctanoin and triolein. Duodenal juice was more active against unemulsified substrate than gastric juice against emulsified substrate.
Table 1: Hydrolysis of trioctanoin and triolein*
|
Substrate and form (μmoles) |
Hydrolysis (%) |
|
|
Trioctanoin |
Triolein |
|
Gastric juice |
30, unemulsified |
21 |
1 |
|
60, emulsified |
33 |
16 |
Duodenal juice |
30, unemulsified |
40 |
34 |
|
45, emulsified |
42 |
35 |
|
105, emulsified |
45 |
36 |
*Gastric or duodenal juice (1 mL) was incubated (1 hour, continuous shaking, 37ºC) with 1 mL of buffer and unemulsified substrate or 1 mL of substrate emulsified in 10 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate, pH6.
pH Optimum
In the presence of bile acids, gastric lipolytic activity against trioctanoin had a broad pH optimum, between 4 and 7. The lipolytic activity of duodenal juice had a sharper pH optimum, between 6 and 8. The pH optimum was lower for short chain triglycerides, indicating that pH optimum values for lipases must be defined for a particular substrate.
Chain Length Specificity
Lipolysis rates increased with decreasing chain lengths for pure triglycerides.
Tributyrin was cleaved more rapidly than trihexanoin which in turn was cleaved more rapidly than trioctanoin (ratio of rates, 100:69:53). Because the pH optimum of gastric lipase is lower for short chain triglycerides than for MCT, trihexanoin and tributyrin were cleaved much more rapidly than, for example, trioctanoin at pH5.
Esterification and Fatty Acid Acceptors by Gastric and Duodenal Lipases
Gastric and duodenal lipases did not induce esterification of the fatty acid acceptor, glyceryl 2 -monooleyl ester, by octanoic acid over the pH range of 2 to 6. However, it was esterified by oleic acid in the presence of gastric juice, duodenal juice, or pancreatic fistula juice when bile acids were added. Esterification, calculated by disappearance of titratable fatty acid, was confirmed by TLC which showed the formation of compounds having the mobilities of a monoether monoester and a monoether diester. Control incubations without enzyme showed no loss of oleic acid or appearance of new lipids by TLC. To determine the amount of disubstituted and trisubstituted glyceryl derivatives which were formed, 14C-labeled glyceryl 2 -monooleyl ether was used and the products of the reaction were examined by zonal scanning. The glyceryl 2 -monooleyl ether was not cleaved during the incubation procedure. The amounts of ester bonds formed estimated by titration an by zonal scanning were in good agreement.
Table 2: Products of hydrolysis of trioctanoin by gastric juice*
|
Radioactivity distribution** (%) |
Lipolysis (%) |
|||
|
Monoglyceride |
Diglyceride |
Fatty acid |
Triglyceride |
|
Buffer (control) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
Gastric juice 1 mL |
3 |
26 |
26 |
44 |
34 |
3 |
28 |
24 |
43 |
33 |
|
4 |
28 |
25 |
43 |
36 |
|
4 |
28 |
25 |
43 |
36 |
|
Duodenal juice |
|
|
|
|
|
0.4 mL |
4 |
9 |
15 |
72 |
26 |
0.5 mL |
4 |
14 |
20 |
62 |
40 |
*Glyceryl trioctanoate-1-14C was added to 1 mL of emulsified trioctanoin (60 μmoles) and incubated for 1 hour at 37ºC with buffer (blank) or gastric or duodenal juice. The reaction mixture was extracted and a 50 μL aliquot was analyzed by TLC and zonal scanning. A 3 mL aliquot was titrated to quantify fatty acids liberated.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): low bioaccumulation potential based on study results
- Executive summary:
The lipolytic activity of human gastric and duodenal juice against medium chain and long chain triglycerides was compared. The work confirmed extensive literature showing that gastric juice contains lipolytic activity, that ingested triglyceride is hydrolyzed in the stomach, even after pancreatic diversion, that lipase may be demonstrated histochemically in gastric mucosa, and that gastric mucosal homogenates have lipolytic activity. Pancreatic lipase has some activity at the pH of gastric content, which is between pH6 and pH3 in normal subjects.
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