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EC number: 235-002-2 | CAS number: 12053-27-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics, other
- Remarks:
- transformation/dissolution in artificial physiological media
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 011
- Report date:
- 2011
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 012
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- bioaccessibility (or bioavailability)
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Version / remarks:
- There is not an internationally agreed guideline for these tests (e.g. OECD). However, similar tests have been conducted for several metal compounds incl. steels in previous EU risk assessments.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The aim of these tests is to assess the dissolution of chemical compounds in a set of artificial physiological media. The test media are selected to simulate relevant human-chemical interactions (as far as practical), i.e. contact of a test substance with skin, a substance entering the human body by inhalation or by ingestion into the gastro-intestinal tract. Principle of test is similar to OECD Series on testing and assessment number 29 guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media (2001; document ENV/JM/MONO(2001)9). The dissolved amount of the test item was specified by measured dissolved Cr concentrations in the test media under the applied test conditions.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Dichromium nitride
- EC Number:
- 235-002-2
- EC Name:
- Dichromium nitride
- Cas Number:
- 12053-27-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2N
- IUPAC Name:
- dichromioamine
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- Cr2N identified as the predominant crystalline phase of the chromium nitride powder.
- state of aggregation: powder, sized less than
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Cr-N powder sized less than 40 µm. The surface area of the Cr-N powder was 0.61m2/g, and the particles displayed the presence of several large chiselled boulder-like particles, typically sized 20–30 μm, to which smaller-sized particles (5 μm) adhered to a large extent. In addition, a significant amount of smaller-sized particles (<10 μm), all with sharp edges, were present within the powder.
Test animals
- Species:
- other: in vitro (simulated human body fluids)
Administration / exposure
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Samples were taken after 2, 4, 8, 24 and 168 h.
Doses / concentrations
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 other: mg of test item/L artificila media
Results and discussion
Main ADME results
- Type:
- other: Bioacessibility
- Results:
- Dissolution of Cr after 168 h at a loading of 100 mg/L in PBS: ≤ 0.0028%, GMB:≤ 0.0027%, ALF: ≤ 0.0142%, GST: ≤ 0.0143%, ASW: ≤ 0.0071 %
Any other information on results incl. tables
Mean released concentrations and standard deviations (SD) in µg/L of chromium for Cr2N particles after exposure in the different biological fluids (GST-gastric fluid, ALF - artificial lysosomal fluid, ASW - artificial sweat, GMB - Gamble's solution, PBS - phosphate buffered saline). Values corrected for Cr background.
GST |
ALF |
ASW |
PBS |
GMB |
||||||
h |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
2 |
5,5 |
0,8 |
2,0 |
0,9 |
1,6 |
0,7 |
4,4 |
1,1 |
0,9 |
0,7 |
4 |
4,8 |
1,1 |
3,2 |
0,2 |
2,7 |
1,6 |
2,8 |
0,4 |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
8 |
5,7 |
0,4 |
4,2 |
0,4 |
2,4 |
1,1 |
4,7 |
2,3 |
1,7 |
0,5 |
24 |
8,6 |
1,5 |
8,2 |
0,5 |
4,5 |
1,4 |
9,4 |
6,1 |
1,8 |
0,7 |
168 |
14,3 |
0,9 |
14,2 |
0,4 |
7,1 |
1,3 |
2,8 |
0,1 |
2,7 |
0,2 |
Mean released chromium per particle surface area (µg/m2) for CrN particles after exposure in the different biological fluids. (GST-gastric fluid, ALF - artificial lysosomal fluid, ASW - artificial sweat, GMB - Gamble's solution, PBS - phosphate buffered saline). Values corrected for Cr background.
h | GST | ALF | ASW | PBS | GMB |
2 | 89,6 | 33,3 | 25,4 | 71,5 | 14,9 |
4 | 78,2 | 51,9 | 43,6 | 45,8 | < LOQ |
8 | 93,1 | 69,5 | 39,2 | 76,8 | 27,7 |
24 | 141,7 | 133,6 | 74,3 | 154,2 | 29,2 |
168 | 235,2 | 232,1 | 116,4 | 46,3 | 43,6 |
Remarks on data treatment:
Concentrations below the LOD are estimated according to: LOD/√2
Concentrations below the LOQ are estimated according to: LOD+0.5(LOQ-LOD)
Measured dissolved Cr concentrations in method blanks:
h |
GST pH 1.7 |
ALF pH 4.5 |
ASW pH 6.5 |
PBS pH 7.2 |
GMB pH 7.4 |
2 |
< LOD |
2,66 |
1,69 |
0,77 |
1,23 |
4 |
< LOD |
2,49 |
1,41 |
0,64 |
< LOD |
8 |
0,54 |
2,50 |
1,64 |
0,66 |
< LOD |
24 |
< LOD |
2,39 |
1,31 |
0,73 |
< LOD |
168 |
0,50 |
2,74 |
1,49 |
0,62 |
< LOD |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The bioaccessibility of chromium nitride powder (< 40 µm, BET specific surface area 0.61 m2/g) has been investigated in vitro by simulating dissolution under physiological conditions considered to mimic the most relevant exposure routes (oral, dermal and inhalation). After 168 h (loading: 100 mg/L), dissolved chromium concentration in five artificial body fluids, i.e. phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Gamble’s solution (GMB), lysosomal fluid (ALF), gastric fluid (GST), sweat (ASW), were ≤ 0.0028, ≤ 0.0027, ≤ 0.0142, ≤ 0.0143, and ≤ 0.0071 %, respectively. Based on a solubility of less than 0.015 % in all five artificial body fluids, chromium nitride powder may reasonably be considered biologically inert.
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