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EC number: 700-150-3 | CAS number: 156572-81-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation testing, other
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2009-07-20 to 2009-11-27
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study has been conducted according to OECD Guideline 303A; however, no claim for GLP compliance is made for this study. However, the study was carried out in the spirit of GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 303 A (Simulation Test - Aerobic Sewage Treatment. A: Activated Sludge Units)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- In this continuous activated sludge test, the protocol was modified accordingly so that the fate of the test items could be assessed at environmentally realistic concentrations using radiolabelled test items along with un-labelled test item at a nominal c
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- No claim for GLP compliance is made for this study; however, the study was carried out in the spirit of GLP.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
Not Applicable - Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, adapted
- Details on source and properties of surface water:
- Not applicable - liquid influent was primary settled sewage
- Details on source and properties of sediment:
- Not applicable for this guideline
- Details on inoculum:
- The mixed liquor suspended solids of the return activated sludge was determined prior to addition to the aeration vessel. The volume of sludge required was calculated so that the aeration vessel contained nominally 2.5 g/L mixed liquor suspended solids suspended. The aeration vessel was filled with sufficient return activated sludge obtained from the return activated sludge line at Broardholme waste water treatment plant. The final separator was filled with effluent (both obtained from Anglia Water Broardholme sewage works, Ditchford, Rushden, UK).
- Duration of test (contact time):
- ca. 72 d
- Initial conc.:
- ca. 2 other: uCi/L
- Based on:
- other: scintillation counting (radioactivity)
- Initial conc.:
- ca. 0.5 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- radiochem. meas.
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Volume of test solution/treatment: 3L aeration vessel
- Composition of medium: settled sewage
- Additional substrate: not applicable
- Solubilising agent (type and concentration if used): SLI (76) Stripped was used as a solubilising agent for Sodium [14C] Stearoyl Isethionate; no solubilising agent was used for any of the other test items. Sodium Lauryl Isethionate was used as a carrier but not as a solubilising.
- Solvent: Dimethyl formamide
- Test temperature: 18-25 degrees C
- pH: 7-8
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: not applicable
- Suspended solids concentration: initial 2.5g/L (sludge retention time controlled at 6 days)
- Continuous darkness: no
- Any indication of the test material adsorbing to the walls of the test apparatus: no
TEST SYSTEM
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: Carbon dioxide free air
- Method used to create anaerobic conditions: not applicable
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: used close vessels but not due to volatility of test substance but to obtain a mass balance CO2
- Test performed in open system: no
- Details of trap for CO2: sodium hydroxide 1M
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: daily
- Sampling method: traps/effluent/waste sludge changed daily (aliquots taken for counting)
- Sterility check if applicable: not applicable
- Sample storage before analysis: scintillation counting conducted immediately. Specific sample analysis preserved with 40% methanol in a refridgerated container
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: see below
- Abiotic sterile control: see below
- Toxicity control: see below
- Other: Carbon mass balance control
STATISTICAL METHODS: mean, 95% confidence limits (Student's T-test)
- Results calculated over a 32 day calculation period (days 40-72) - Reference substance:
- other: Dimethyl formamide added at same application rate as test vessels so that equal amount of carbon was added to control vessel.
- Test performance:
- Throughout the study, conditions were maintained in the test system that best represent a waste water sewage treatment plant but at a laboratory scale i.e. OECD303A Guideline (Husmann units). The test was carried out with the hydraulic and sludge retention times controlled at 6 hours and 6 days respectively. After the acclimation period (<6 weeks), the test was run for 32 days with samples collected daily and analysed for radioactivity remaining in effluent, sludge and traps. Concentrations of the test items obtained by scintillation counting in the sludge and effluent were determined daily between 40 and 72 days after a period of 40 days acclimatisation. All concentrations (sludge, effluent and mineralisation) were corrected for mass balance. In addition, HPLC analysis was conducted on samples collected at the conclusion of the calculation period (Day 72) to ascertain the concentration of parent material remaining in effluent and sludge and the percentage primary degradation that had occurred.
- Compartment:
- other: water / sediment, material (mass) balance
- Remarks on result:
- other: see "% Recovery" column in Table 1 below
- % Degr.:
- 99.77
- Parameter:
- radiochem. meas.
- Sampling time:
- 1 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Range, every day from day 40 - day 72. Sodium Lauryl [14C] Isethionate
- % Degr.:
- 99.61
- Parameter:
- radiochem. meas.
- Sampling time:
- 1 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Range, every day from day 40 - day 72. %parent in effluent is 0.11%. % parent in sludge is 2.74%. Sodium [14C] Stearyl Isethionate
- % Degr.:
- 99.99
- Parameter:
- radiochem. meas.
- Sampling time:
- 1 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Range, every day from day 40 - day 72. Sodium [14C] Lauryl Isethionate. For all results see Table 1 below.
- Transformation products:
- not measured
- Details on transformation products:
- Not applicable
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not measured
- Volatile metabolites:
- not measured
- Residues:
- not measured
- Details on results:
- The mixed liquor temperatures for all test and control plants ranged between 22 and 23 degrees C, which are within OECD guideline range of 18 - 25 degrees C.
The pH of the test and control units were, with few exceptions, within the accepted range for the growth of bacteria (i.e. between pH 6 to 8).
The dissolved oxygen [DO] levels remained above the critical concentration of 2 mg/L.
The hydraulic retention time [HRT] was calculated from the influent flow rates as determined by the mass of effluent collected per 24 hours. The HRT data remained largely within 6 ± 1 hours.
The sludge return flow rates for each plant remained largely within 8.5 ± 1 mL/min.
The sludge retention time [SRT] was calculated from the volume of sludge wasted per day. The SRT data remained largely within 6 ± 1 days.
Mixed liquor suspended solids: Initially concentrations were variable and often lower than anticipated (<2.5 g/L) during the acclimatisation period. However, throughout the calculation period the solids levels had increased to a normal level (~2.5 g/L) and appeared to be stable. Throughout the calculation period similar concentrations were observed between the test and control plants.
Throughout the calculation period similar organic carbon removal levels/concentrations were observed between the test and control plants.
Throughout the calculation period similar ammonia removal levels/concentrations were observed between the test and control plants.
Variable levels of solids concentration and ammonia removal efficiency observed during the acclimatisation phase of this study were probably attributable to the addition of dimethylformamide to the test system. Dimethylformamide is known to be biodegradable, however it also known to inhibit biological activity. These data suggests that the test system acclimatised to the solvent and it did not inhibit biological activity.
Throughout the test all of the above parameters were consistent with properly operated sewage treatment systems. - Results with reference substance:
- not applicable
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The removal of parent material was extensive with 99.89 to 99.99% in the CAS system. The concentrations of parent in the sludge ranged from 0.21 to 0.28% of applied test item. The high removal values and low removal via sorption percentages support the high removal via biodegradation. The observed distribution of the sodium [1-14C] lauryl isethionate and the sodium [1-14C] stearyl isethionate was similar suggesting that all chain lengths would behave in a similar manner in a CAS system.
- Executive summary:
The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental distribution (percent degradation and concentrations in sludge and effluent) of radio-labelled Defi test items in a continuous activated sludge (CAS) system. It was not practical to assess the fate of a commercial sample of DEFI, as it is a mixture of different chain lengths of alkyl isethionates. Therefore, the items tested (labelled in the alkyl chain) in this study were selected to represent the shortest (lauryl isethionate)and longest (stearyl isethionate)significant chain length present in the commercial mixture. In addition, the lauryl isethionate(labelled in the isethionate group) was included in the study.
The CAS systems were operated in accordance with EU L133/106 and OECD Guideline 303A. The test was carried out at the recommended temperature range (18-25 °C) with the hydraulic and sludge retention times controlled at 6 hours and 6 days respectively. The study deviated from the OECD 303A guideline in that the test items used were radio-labelled. As a consequence the apparatuswas modified to accommodate capture of14CO2. No other modifications were made.
Concentrations of the test items obtained by scintillation counting in the sludge and effluent were determined daily between 40 and 72 days after a period of 40 days acclimatisation. All concentrations (sludge, effluent and mineralisation) were corrected for mass balance (see below table). In addition, HPLC analysis was conducted on samples collected at the conclusion of the calculation period (Day 72) to ascertain the concentration of parent material remaining in effluent and sludge and the percentage primary degradation that had occurred.
Degradation of parent material was extensive with 99.61 to 99.99% removed in the CAS systems. The concentrations of parent in the effluent ranged from 0.01 to 0.11% and the concentration of the parent in the sludge ranged from 0.21 to 0.28% of applied test item. The observed distribution of the sodium [1-14C] lauryl isethionate and the sodium [1-14C] stearyl isethionate was similar suggesting that all chain lengths would behave in a similar manner in a CAS system.
Distribution of test items in Continuous Activated Sludge system
Test Item
% parent#
%
Recovery
degraded
in effluent
in sludge
Sodium Lauryl [14C] Isethionate
99.77
(90.7)
0.02
(2.4)
0.21
(6.9)
94.2
Sodium [1-14C] Lauryl Isethionate
99.99
(94.5)
0.01
(1.8)
0.00
(3.7)
87.0
Sodium [1-14C] Stearyl Isethionate
99.61
(94.5)
0.11
(2.2)
0.28
(3.3)
78.0
Figures in parentheses relate to total 14C (parent, metabolites or biomass) remaining
#All values corrected for recovery
Reference
Table 1: Distribution of test items in Continuous Activated Sludge system
Test Item |
% parent# |
% Recovery |
||
degraded |
in effluent |
in sludge |
||
Sodium Lauryl [14C] Isethionate |
99.77 (90.7) |
0.02 (2.4) |
0.21 (6.9) |
94.2 |
Sodium [1-14C] Lauryl Isethionate |
99.99 (94.5) |
0.01 (1.8) |
0.00 (3.7) |
87.0
|
Sodium [1-14C] Stearyl Isethionate |
99.61 (94.5) |
0.11 (2.2) |
0.28 (3.3) |
78.0
|
Figures in parentheses relate to total 14C (parent, metabolites or biomass) remaining
#All values corrected for recovery
Description of key information
The removal of parent material was extensive with 99.89 to 99.99% in the CAS system. The concentrations of parent in the sludge ranged from 0.21 to 0.28% of applied test item. The high removal values and low removal via sorption percentages support the high removal via biodegradation. The observed distribution of the sodium [1-14C] lauryl isethionate and the sodium [1-14C] stearyl isethionate was similar suggesting that all chain lengths would behave in a similar manner in a CAS system.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
A continuous activated sludge (CAS) test was performed with 14C- lauryl sulfoethyl ester, sodium salt according to guideline OECD 303A, under the spirit of GLP conditions under slightly adapted conditions. The protocol was modified so that the fate of the test substance could be assessed at environmentally realistic concentrations using radiolabelled test substance along with un-labelled test substance. The test substance was exposed to non-adapted micro-organisms maintained by addition of domestic wastewater. The wastewater was spiked at a nominal influent concentration of ~0.5 mg/L for a period of 72 days. The total removal percentage as monitored from day 40 to day 72 range from 99.89 to 99.99% using 14C scintilation counting. This result demonstrates a near complete removal of parent compound at stringent STP conditions (SRT of 6 ± 1 day). Removal of the test substance from the influent through adsorption onto sludge ranged from 0.21 to 0.28%, demonstrating that the test substance was primarily removed by biodegradation (Gore, 2010).
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