Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 209-667-4 | CAS number: 589-98-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Data from peer reviewed journal
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The Developmental Toxicity of 2-Ethylhexanol Applied Dermally to Pregnant Fischer 344 Rats
- Author:
- R . W . TYL, L. C. FISHER, M. F. KUBENA, M. A. VRBANIC , R. GINGELL, D. GUEST,
J. R. HoDGsON, S. R. MURPHY, T. R. TYLER, and B. D. ASTILL - Year:
- 1 992
- Bibliographic source:
- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 19, 176-185 (1992)
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: As mentioned below
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Reproductive toxicity study of 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol was performed in Pregnant Fischer 344 Rats by dermal application
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Justification for study design:
- No data available
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-ethylhexan-1-ol
- EC Number:
- 203-234-3
- EC Name:
- 2-ethylhexan-1-ol
- Cas Number:
- 104-76-7
- Molecular formula:
- C8H18O
- IUPAC Name:
- 2 ethylhexan-1-ol
- Test material form:
- liquid
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material: 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
- IUPAC name: 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-
- Molecular formula: C8H18O
- Molecular weight: 130.2292 g//mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical State: Liquid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material: 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
- IUPAC name: 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-
- Molecular formula: C8H18O
- Molecular weight: 130.2292 g//mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical State: Liquid
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Details on species / strain selection:
- No data available
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Kingston, NY)
- Age at study initiation: male: 70 days old and female: 63 days old.
- Weight at study initiation: male :175-200 g and female : 130-150 g
- Fasting period before study: No data available
- Housing: No data available
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): feed -ProLab Certified Ground Rodent Chow ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): water ad libitum
- Acclimation period: No data available
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-22.7°C
- Humidity (%):42-65%
- Air changes (per hr): No data available
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): a 12hr photoperiod
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- Details on dermal exposure
For dermal treatment the appropriate volume of was dispensed from a 1.0-cc syringe on to the clipped and shaved dorsal skin (ca. I .5 in.) between the scapulae, under a 2-in. gauze square.
The application site was occluded with a Lycra-Spandex jacket with Velcro closures. A 1 .5 X 2.5-in. polyethylene patch was attached at the application site under the jacket. After a 6-hr exposure period the gauze and jacket were removed, and the application site was wiped gently with moist gauze and blotted dry. - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage:1:1
- Length of cohabitation:
- Proof of pregnancy: [vaginal plug / sperm in vaginal smear] referred to as [day 0 / day 1] of pregnancy:Gestational Day 0 was dated from the appearance of a copulatory plug
- After ... days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: [no / yes (explain)]
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): Pregnant females were housed singly in stainless steel wire mesh cages
- Any other deviations from standard protocol: - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Gas chromatographic analysis.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 days (Treatment days were gds 6 through 15)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily (6hr)
- Details on study schedule:
- No data available
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- 0.0, 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Total:100
0.0 mg/kg bw: 25 females
252mg/kg bw: 25 females
840 mg/kg bw: 25 females
2520 mg/kg bw: 25 females - Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- No data available
- Positive control:
- No data available
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- Parental animals observation and examinations
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule once daily
- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included. No data available
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data available
- Time schedule: No data available
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights were recorded on gds 0,6. 9, 12, 15 and 2 1.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Food consumption was measured for each 3-day interval from gds 0 through 2 I.
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No data available
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data available
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data available
- Time schedule for examinations: No data available
OTHER: No data available - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- No data available
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- No data available
- Litter observations:
- All live fetuses were sexed, weighed, and examined for external malformations and for variations
- Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- Post-mortem examinations (Parent Animal)
SACRIFICE:
- Male animals: No data available
- Maternal animals: yes (by CO2 asphyxiation on Day 21)
GROSS NECROPSY:
- Maternal uterine and liver weights and spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and thymus weights (main study) were recorded. Corpora lutea and uterine implantation sites were counted, and ovaries, cervices, vaginas, and abdominal and thoracic cavities were examined grossly. Uteri were examined externally, removed, and dissected longitudinally to expose the contents.
All live and dead fetuses and resorption sites were noted; uteri from non-gravid females were tested for early resorptions with ammonium sulfide solution - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring not selected as parental animals and all F2 offspring were sacrificed at [#?] days of age.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination) as follows:
GROSS NECROPSY
- All live fetuses were sexed, weighed, and examined for external malformations and for variations.approximately 50% of the live fetuses per litter from the main study were examined for visceral (thoracic and abdominal: Staples, 1914,modified) and craniofacial abnormalities (Wilson, 1965, 1973, modified; Van Hulsingha and Bennett, 1911). The remainder were examined for skeletalmalformations and variations after evisceration, fixation in ethanol, andstaining with alizarin red S (Crary, 1962; Pletzer and Schardein, 1966).
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
The tissues indicated in Table [#] were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively. - Statistics:
- The units of comparison were the pregnant rat or the litter. Quantitative continuous variables such as maternal body and organ weights were compared between 2-EH and sham control groups, between dermal reference and sham control groups, and between gavage reference and naive control groups. Levene’s test for equal variances (Levene, 1960) ANOVA, and t tests with Bonferroni probabilities for pairwise comparisons were used. The pooled t test was used when Levene’s test indicated homogeneous variances and ANOVA was significant. When Levene’s test indicated heterogeneous variances, all groups were compared by an ANOVA for unequal variances (Brown and Forsythe, 1914) followed when necessary by the separate variance t test. Nonparametric data following laparohysterectomy were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wahis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test when appropriate
(Sokal and Rohif, 1969). Incidence data were compared using Fisher’s exact test (Sokal and Rohif, 1969). The fiducial limit of0.05 (two-tailed) was used as the criterion for significance. - Reproductive indices:
- No data available
- Offspring viability indices:
- No data available
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Treatment-related effects attributable to test material at the application site were exfoliation, encrustation,and erythema. There was no edema.Erythema occurred during treatment with test material at levels of 840 mg/kg/day and above. Draize scores for irritation were essentially mild. Maximum mean treatment scores occurred on gd 14 at 1680mg/kg/day(0.3, main study).
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- No females died, aborted, or were removed from either study in any control or treated group
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Gestational weight changes (gds 0 through 2 1) were not significantly different from sham controls.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no significant changes in food consumption at any treatment level of study throughout gestation
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- not specified
Reproductive function / performance (P0)
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not specified
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not specified
- Reproductive performance:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weight gain was significantly reduced for gds 6 through 9 at 2520 mg/kg/day compared with the sham control.The test material was without adverse effect at any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bw compared with controls, on total and nonviable implants, early
or late resorptions, live or dead fetuses, fetal sex ratio, and mean fetal body weights per litter.
Effect levels (P0)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 840 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical signs
- mortality
- dermal irritation
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- gross pathology
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- other: overall no toxic effects on reproductive performance
Target system / organ toxicity (P0)
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- System:
- other: not specified
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- not specified
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not specified
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Sexual maturation:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no external, visceral, or skeletal malformations associated with any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bw of test material
- Histopathological findings:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- not specified
Developmental neurotoxicity (F1)
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
Developmental immunotoxicity (F1)
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not specified
Effect levels (F1)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 2 520 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Basis for effect level:
- viability
- mortality
- body weight and weight gain
- gross pathology
- Remarks on result:
- other: overall no developmental toxic effects was observed
Target system / organ toxicity (F1)
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- System:
- other: not specified
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- not specified
- Relation to other toxic effects:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table.Maternal Distribution and Fate of Pregnant F344 Rats Following Dermal Administration of 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH)
Treatment group: Mg/kg/day Females in studya |
2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) |
|||
Sham 0 25 |
252 25 |
840 25 |
2520 25 |
|
Delivered |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Necropsiedc |
|
|
|
|
nonpregnant |
3 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
Pregnant |
20 |
19 |
23 |
20 |
With only nonviable implants |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
With viable fetuses |
18 |
19 |
23 |
20 |
% Pregnant |
88 |
84 |
92 |
92 |
a No females died, aborted, or were removed from the study.
b Values are numbers of animals.
c’ At scheduled necropsy.
Gestational Parameters for Pregnant F344 Rats, Following Dermal Administration of 2-Ethylhexanol
Treatment group: Mg/kg/day Females in studya |
2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) |
|||
Sham 0 20 |
252 19 |
840 23 |
2520 20 |
|
Corpora lutea SD (±) |
11.6 1.33 |
10.4 2.45 |
11.3 1.94 |
10.8 2 |
Total implants SD (±)
|
5.9 4.25 |
6.7 4.32 |
8.3 4.2 |
7.4 3.3 |
Viable implants SD (±)
|
5.5 4.24 |
6.5 4.36 |
8 4.2 |
7.3 3.2 |
Nonviable implants” SD (±)
|
0.4 0.82 |
0.2 0.37 |
0.1 0.42 |
0.1 0.31 |
Early resorptions” SD (±)
|
0.82 0.4 |
0.37 0.2 |
0.42 0.1 |
0.31 0.1 |
Late resorptions” SD (±)
|
0.82 0 |
0.37 0 |
0.34 0 |
0.31 0 |
Dead fetuses” SD (±)
|
0 |
0 |
0.1 0.29 |
0 |
Percentage of live fetuses SD (±)
|
86 31.7 |
96.8 8.8 |
97.8 4.36 |
99 3.1 |
Sex ratio (% males) SD (±)
|
62.8 29.3 |
41.8 29.4 |
43.7 20.4 |
53.4 20 |
Fetal body weightg SD (±)
|
4.59 0.33 |
4.51 0.57 |
4.4 0.32 |
4.5 0.38 |
’ Means and standard deviations calculated from numbers per animal.
bN= 18.
‘p < 0.05 compared with naive control.
‘p < 0.0 1 compared with appropriate sham control.
’ p < 0.05 compared with appropriate sham control.
‘Based on two fetuses from one surviving litter.
g Based on numbers of fetuses per litter in grams.
Malformations in Fetuses from Pregnant F344 Rats Following Dermal Administration of 2-Ethylhexanol
Treatment group: Mg/kg/day Females in studya |
2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) |
|||
Sham 0 20 |
252 19 |
840 23 |
2520 20 |
|
|
Number examinedb |
|||
Externally |
18 |
19 |
23 |
20 |
Edematous fetus |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Protruding tongue |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Viscerally |
18 |
19 |
23 |
20 |
Lateral ventricles dilated-tissue depressed |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
% |
0 |
5.3 |
0 |
10 |
Innominate artery missing |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Skeletally |
17 |
15 |
21 |
18 |
Significant findings |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Number with malformations |
|||
External |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Soft tissue |
0 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
% |
0 |
10.5 |
0 |
15 |
Skeletal |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
% |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Total with malformations |
0 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
% |
0 |
10.5 |
0 |
15 |
* Main study only.
a Number of fetuses or litters.
c p < 0.05 compared with sham control.
d p < 0.01 compared with sham control.
e Includes one fetus with ocular defects.
F Includes one fetus with a divided olfactory lobe.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The no observed adverse effect level (NOALE) was considered to be 840 mg/kgbw for reproductive toxicity and no observed adverse effect level (NOALE) was considered to be 2520 mg/kg bw for developmental toxicity as no toxic effects observed at highest dose tested . When female rats were treated with 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol (104-76-7) by dermal application.
- Executive summary:
The reproductive and developmental toxicity study of 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol(104-76-7) was performed on male and femaleFischer 344 rats. 25 females /sex /dose group were used. The test material in dose concentration 0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 ml/ kg/day (equivalent to 0,252,840, and 2520 mg/kg/day). Controls (0.0 ml/kg/day, sham controls) received deionized water at 3.0 ml/kg/day from gestation day 6 to 15.The test material in undiluted form applied in appropriate volume was dispensed from a 1.0-cc syringe on to the clipped and shaved dorsal skin (ca. I .5 in.) Between the scapulae, under a 2-in. gauze square. The application site was occluded with a Lycra-Spandex jacket with Velcro closures. A 1 .5 X 2.5-in. polyethylene patch was attached at the application site under the jacket. After a 6-hr exposure period the gauze and jacket were removed, and the application site was wiped gently with moist gauze and blotted dry.
Body weights were recorded on gds 0,6. 9, 12, 15. and 2 1. Food consumption was measured for each 3-day interval from gds 0 through 2 I. Observations were made at least once daily for clinical signs and skin irritation. Females which delivered early were terminated, examined grossly, and removed from the study. Surviving females in both studies were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation on Day2 1. Maternal uterine and liver weights (both studies) and spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and thymus weights (main study) were recorded. Corpora lutea and uterine implantation sites were counted, and ovaries, cervices, vaginas, and abdominal and thoracic cavities were examined grossly. Uteri were examined externally, removed, and dissected longitudinally to expose the contents.All live and dead fetuses and resorption sites were noted; uteri from non-gravid females were tested for early resorptions with ammonium sulfide solution. All live fetuses were sexed, weighed, and examined for external malformations and for variations. After external examination approximately 50% of the live fetuses per litter from the main study were examined for visceral and craniofacial abnormalities .The remainder were examined for skeletal malformations and variations after evisceration, fixation in ethanol, and staining with alizarin red S
No females died, aborted, or were removed from either study in any control or treated group. Gestational weight changes (gds 0 through 2 1) were not significantly different from sham controls. Weight gain was significantly reduced for gds 6 through 9 at 2520 mg/kg/day compared with the sham control There were no significant changes in food consumption at any treatment level of study throughout gestation. Treatment-related effects attributable to test material at the application site were exfoliation, encrustation,and erythema. There was no edema. Erythema occurred during treatment with test material at levels of 840 mg/kg/day and above. Draize scores for irritation were essentially mild. Maximum mean treatment scores occurred on gd 14 at 168mg/kg/day(0.3, main study). The test material was without adverse effect at any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bwcompared with controls, on total and nonviable implants, early or late resorptions, live or dead fetuses, fetal sex ratio, and mean fetal body weights per litter There were no differences from controls for any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bwin maternal body weights, gravid uterine or corrected body weights, or in relative or absolute liver, thymus, spleen, adrenal and kidney weights. There were no differences from controls for any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bwin maternal body weights, gravid uterine or corrected body weights, or in relative or absolute liver, thymus, spleen, adrenal and kidney weights. There were no external, visceral, or skeletal malformations associated with any treatment level i.e. 252, 840, 2520 mg/kg bw of test material. Hencetheno observed adverse effect level (NOALE) was considered to be 840 mg/kgbw for reproductive toxicity and no observed adverse effect level (NOALE) was considered to be 2520 mg/kg bw for developmental toxicity as no toxic effects observed at highest dose tested. When female rats were treated with2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol(104-76-7) by dermal application.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.