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EC number: 269-101-7 | CAS number: 68187-49-5 This substance is identified in the Colour Index by Colour Index Constitution Number, C.I. 77344.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Skin irritation / corrosion
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2012-03-28 to 2012-04-02
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- During the MTT assay isopropanol / 2 N HCl 49:1 (v/v) should have been used as extractant solution. Due to inattention isopropanol without HCl was used as extractant solution. Due to Harlan CCR’s experimental experience concerning formazan salt extraction with and without acidifying of isopropanol, and due to the long extraction period of nearly three days, the risk of inadequate extraction is minimized. Therefore, the described deviation did not have a detrimental impact on the outcome of the study.
- Justification for type of information:
- Read-across category approach:
Cobalt chromite green spinel is a spinel-type oxide/pigment with the general structural element AB2O4 which forms a strong and inert matrix. Co and Cr are the main components with percentages of ~12.7% w/w and 44.3% w/w respectively. The amount of Zn as component is about 14.9% w/w.
The read-across substance Cobalt chromite blue green spinel is a spinel-type pigment as well with an identical crystallographic structure and a very similar composition. Co content is ~14.8% w/w and the Cr content is ca. 30% w/w. Al is present in about 9.4% w/w. Contents of Zn is about 15.1% w/w.
Besides the obvious structural analogy the solubility of both pigments in aqueous and physilogical media are as follows (determination of Co and Cr):
Solubility of Co from the pigment Cobalt chromite green spinel in physiological media was in a range of 17.2 µg/L (GMB) and 99.1 µg/L (ALF) after 2 hours. After 24 hours a dissolution range from 12.8 µg/L (GMB) - 108 µg/L (ALF) was measured.
Solubility of Cr from the pigment Cobalt chromite green spinel in physiological media was in a range of 0.264 µg/L (GMB) and 5.95 µg/L (GST) after 2 hours. After 24 hours a dissolution range from 0.452 µg/L (GMB) - 6.80 µg/L (GST) was measured.
The read-across substance Cobalt chromite blue green spinel afforded after 2 hours a solubility for the element Co in range of 0.34 µg/L (PBS) and 6.45 µg/L (ALF) and after 24 hours a solubility of 0.37 µg/L (GMB) to 9.89 µg/L (GST).
Solubility of Cr from the pigment Cobalt chromite blue green spinel in physiological media was in a range of below LOD and 1.11 µg/L (ALF) after 2 hours. After 24 hours a dissolution range from 0.18 µg/L (PBS) - 0.99 µg/L (ALF) was measured.
T/D testing of the pigment Cobalt chromite green spinel afforded the following solubility at 1mg loading after 28 days:
Cobalt: 2.038 ± 0.008 and 0.790 ± 0.039 μg/L at pH 8 and pH 6, respectively
Chromium: 1.489 ± 0.008 μg/L andZinc: 1.840 ± 0.378 μg/L and
T/D testing of the read-across substance Cobalt chromite blue green spinel afforded the following solubility at 1mg loading after 28 days:
Cobalt: below LOD at pH 8 and pH 6, respectively
Chromium: below LOD at pH 8 and pH 6, respectively
In sum, the two spinel type pigments are structurally identical with similar composition. Both show a very low solubility in different artificial and aqueous media. In fact, the read-across substance Cobalt chromite blue green spinel shows slightly lower dissolution and bioaccessibility without showing any signs of systemic or local toxicity in various studies (acute inhalation, skin/eye irritation, sensitisation).
Based on the information summarised above, read-across to Cobalt chromite blue green spinel is fully justified.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 012
- Report date:
- 2012
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 439 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method)
- Version / remarks:
- 2010-07-22
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.46 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2009
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation (Altern Lab Anim. 2007 Dec; 35 (6):559-601)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- signed 2009-03-30
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cobalt chromite blue green spinel
- EC Number:
- 269-072-0
- EC Name:
- Cobalt chromite blue green spinel
- Cas Number:
- 68187-11-1
- Molecular formula:
- ZnxCo(1-x)Cr(2-y-z)AlyO(4[3/2]z)
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Cobalt chromite blue green spinel (Pigment Blue 36; C.I.:77343)
- Physical state: solid, blue green powder, odourless
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: at room temperature, keep dry in closed containers
In vitro test system
- Test system:
- human skin model
- Source species:
- human
- Cell type:
- other: normal, human-derived epidermal keratinocytes
- Cell source:
- other: not specified
- Source strain:
- not specified
- Details on animal used as source of test system:
- not applicable
- Justification for test system used:
- In an international validation study performed by ECVAM, the in vitro skin irritation test using the human skin model EpiSkin™ and measurement of cell viability by dehydrogenase conversion of MTT into a blue formazan salt have turned out as a sufficiently promising predictor for skin irritancy potential.
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on test system:
- RECONSTRUCTED HUMAN EPIDERMIS (RHE) TISSUE
- Model used: EpiSkin™ tissues (purchased from SkinEthic Laboratories)
- Tissue batch number: 12-EKIN-013
- Experiation date: 2012-04-02
- Delivery date: 2012-03-28
- Date of initiation of testing:2012-03-28
TEMPERATURE USED FOR TEST SYSTEM
- Temperature used during treatment / exposure: 37 ± 1.5 °C
- Temperature of post-treatment incubation: 37 ± 1.5 °C
REMOVAL OF TEST MATERIAL AND CONTROLS
After the end of the treatment interval the inserts were removed from the plate and the tissues were rinsed with PBS to remove any residual test material. Then the inserts were placed in the plates with maintenance medium. The tissues were incubated for about 42 hours at 37 ± 1.5 °C, 5 ± 0.5% CO2.
MTT DYE USED TO MEASURE TISSUE VIABILITY AFTER TREATMENT / EXPOSURE
- MTT concentration: 0.3 mg/mL
- Incubation time with MTT: 3 hours
- Extraction of formazan: after the incubation period, MTT solution was aspirated from the wells and the wells were rinsed with PBS. Tissue samples were cut out of the
inserts with a biopsy punch and transferred into plastic vials. The tissue samples were immersed into extractant solution by pipetting 0.5 mL extractant solution (isopropanol) into each vial. The tissue samples were completely covered by isopropanol. The vials were sealed to inhibit isopropanol evaporation. The formazan salt was extracted for about 69 hours in the refrigerator.
Per each tissue sample 2 x 200 μL aliquots of the formazan blue solution were transferred into a 96-well flat bottom microtiter plate. Optical density (OD) was read with a spectrophotometer. Mean values were calculated from the 2 wells per tissue sample.
- Spectrophotometer: microplate reader (Versamax® Molecular Devices)
- Wavelength: 570 nm
- Filter: 1 nm
TEST FOR DIRECT MTT REDUCTION
To test for the ability of the test item to directly reduce MTT approx. 10 mg of the test item were added to 1 mL of MTT solution and the mixture was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 60 minutes. Untreated MTT medium was used as control. If the MTT solution colour turned blue/purple, the test item was persumed to have reduced the MTT.
FUNCTIONAL MODEL CONDITIONS WITH REFERENCE TO HISTORICAL DATA
- Barrier function: tissues passed analysis for tissue functionality
- Morphology: well-differentiated epidermis consisting of a basal layer, several spinous and granular layers and a thick stratum corneum.
- Contamination: absence of bacteria, fungus and mycoplasma as well as absence of HIV 1 and 2 antibodies, hepatitis C antibodies and absence of hepatitis B antigen
Please also refer to the field "Attached background material" below.
PREDICTION MODEL / DECISION CRITERIA
The mean optical density of the three negative control tissues was calculated. This value corresponds to 100% tissue viability in the current test. For each individual tissue treated with the test item or the positive control the individual relative tissue viability was calculated according to the following formula: relative viability(%) = (OD test item/ OD mean of negative control) x 100
For the test item and the positive control the mean relative viability ± standard deviation of the three individual tissues was calculated and used for classification according to the following prediction model: if the mean relative tissue viability of three individual tissues is less than or equal to 50% of the negative control, the test item needs to be classified and labeled for its skin irritation potential: Category 2 – irritant, H315 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. - Control samples:
- yes, concurrent negative control
- yes, concurrent positive control
- Amount/concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): approximately 10 mg of the test item was applied to each tissue replicate
VEHICLE
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 20 μL of deionised water
NEGATIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight): 10 µL
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight): 10 µL - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 15 ± 1 minutes
- Duration of post-treatment incubation (if applicable):
- about 42 hours
- Number of replicates:
- Test item: triplicates
Negative control: triplicates
Positive control: triplicates
Results and discussion
In vitro
Results
- Irritation / corrosion parameter:
- % tissue viability
- Remarks:
- (mean)
- Value:
- 94.8
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not examined
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- - OTHER EFFECTS:
- Direct-MTT reduction: optical evaluation of the MTT-reducing capacity of the test item after 1 hour incubation with MTT-reagent did not show blue colour.
ACCEPTANCE OF RESULTS:
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control: after treatment with the negative control, the absorbance values (1.233, 1.178, and 1.129, respectively) were well within the required acceptability criterion of mean OD ≥ 0.6 till ≤ 1.5 for the 15 minutes treatment interval.
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control: treatment with the positive control induced a decrease in the relative absorbance as compared to the negative control to 21.4 % (acceptability criterion: positive control is ≤ 40 %).
- Acceptance criteria met for variability between replicate measurements: the standard between the % variabilities of the test item, positive and negative controls were below 5 % (threshold of the "OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 439: In vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method”: 18%).
Please refer to the field "Any other information on results incl. tables" below
Any other information on results incl. tables
HISTORICAL DATA
Positive Control |
Negative Control |
||
Number of Studies |
163 |
Number of Studies |
163 |
Period |
July 2007 – March 2012 |
Period |
July 2007 – March 2012 |
Mean Viability |
19.7% |
Mean OD |
1.012 |
Standard Deviation |
10.0% |
Standard Deviation |
0.215 |
Range of Viabilities |
0.7% - 39.7% |
Range of ODs |
0.590 – 1.680 |
Table 1: Results after treatment with cobalt chromite blue green spinel (Pigment Blue 36) and controls
Dose group |
Treatment Interval |
Absor-bance |
Absor-bance |
Absor-bance |
Mean Absor-bance |
Rel. Absor-bance [% of Negative Control]** |
Negative Control |
15 min |
1.233 |
1.178 |
1.129 |
1.180 |
100.0 |
Positive Control |
15 min |
0.254 |
0.254 |
0.250 |
0.253 |
21.4 |
Test item |
15 min |
1.109 |
1.139 |
1.110 |
1.119 |
94.8 |
* Mean of two replicate wells after blank correction
** relative absorbance per treatment group [rounded values]: 100 x (meanabsorbancetestitem)/(mean absorbancenegative control)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The test item is not irritating to the skin.
According to the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and subsequent regulations, the test item is not irritating to the skin.
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