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EC number: 946-329-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 2000
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Changes in dietary zinc and copper affect zinc-status indicators of postmenopausal women, notably, extracellular superoxide dismutase and amyloid precursor proteins
- Author:
- Davis, C. D., Milne, D. B., and Nielsen, F. H.
- Year:
- 2 000
- Bibliographic source:
- Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:781–8.
Materials and methods
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: oral
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Indicators of zinc status were measured in 25 healthy postmenopausal women aged 64.9 ± 6.7 y. After a 10-d equilibration period, volunteers consumed a diet with either a low (1 mg/d; n = 12) or a high (3 mg/d; n = 13) copper content based on a total energy content of 8.4 MJ. They received the same amount of copper throughout the study. Both groups were fed the basal diet (3 mg Zn/d) with no zinc supplement for one 90-d period, and the diet supplemented with 50 mg Zn/d for another 90-d period.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Bis(D-gluconato-O1,O2)zinc
- EC Number:
- 224-736-9
- EC Name:
- Bis(D-gluconato-O1,O2)zinc
- Cas Number:
- 4468-02-4
- Molecular formula:
- C12H22O14Zn
- IUPAC Name:
- zinc bis(2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate) (non-preferred name)
Constituent 1
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- Indicators of zinc status were measured in 25 healthy postmenopausal women aged 64.9 ± 6.7 y. After a 10-d equilibration period, volunteers consumed a diet with either a low (1 mg/d; n = 12) or a high (3 mg/d; n = 13) copper content based on a total energy content of 8.4 MJ. They received the same amount of copper throughout the study. Both groups were fed the basal diet (3 mg Zn/d) with no zinc supplement for one 90-d period, and the diet supplemented with 50 mg Zn/d for another 90-d period.
- Details on exposure:
- Subjects were fed a constant weighed basal diet of conventional foods that was low in copper (0.6 mg, 0.61 ± 0.07 mg by analysis) and zinc (3 mg, 2.96 ± 0.24 mg by analysis), based on an energy content of 8.4 MJ. The diet was supplemented with 492 mg Ca (as calcium carbonate), 23 mg Fe (as ferrous sulfate), 180 mg Mg (as magnesium gluconate), and 10 mg cholecalciferol. Iron was supplemented to compensate for losses through phlebotomy. The diet was adequate in all other known nutrients. The subjects participated in an equilibration period of 10 d in which they received the basal diet supplemented with 1.4 mg Cu (2 mg total) and 6 mg Zn (9 mg total). The women were then randomly divided into 2 groups: 1 group (n = 12) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.4 mg Cu and the other group (n = 13) was fed the basal diet supplemented with an additional 2.4 mg Cu/d. The remaining 190 d was divided into two 90-d dietary periods for both groups: the basal diet with no zinc supplement was fed for one 90-d period and the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg Zn/d was fed for the other 90-d period. All of the women were fed the low-zinc diet first. The two 90-d periods were separated by a second equilibration period of 10d, during which the basal diet supplemented with 1.4 mg Cu/d and 6 mg Zn/d was fed. Zinc was supplemented as zinc gluconate and copper was supplemented as cupric sulfate in beverages served at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. All other aspects of the diet remained constant throughout the study. All food was weighed and provided by the research center. Foods were weighed to an accuracy of 1% during preparation in the metabolic kitchen and eaten quantitatively by the subjects.
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
Tab. 1: Effect of dietary zinc and copper on zinc-status indicator 1
equili-bration diet (n=23) | Low-copper diet (n=10)* | high-copper diet (n=12) | |||||
Low zinc | High zinc | Low zinc | High zinc | ||||
(3 mg) | (53 mg) | (3 mg) | (53 mg) | Pooled SD | P2 | ||
Zinc concentrations | |||||||
Plasma ((xmol/L) | 13.1 | 13.4 | 18.1 | 14.8 | 18.0 | 1.66 | 0.0001 |
Platelet (nmol/109) | 3.53 | 3.97 | 4.37 | 3.91 | 4.41 | 0.52 | 0.08 |
Erythrocyte ((xmol/L) | 172 | 182 | 173 | 176 | 168 | 5.40 | NS |
Erythrocyte membrane (mmol/mg protein) | 3.43 | 3.19 | 2.99 | 3.52 | 3.23 | 0.51 | NS |
Alkaline phosphatase | |||||||
Plasma ((xkat/L) | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.65 | 1.54 | 1.63 | 0.09 | NS |
Bone specific ((xkat/L) | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.014 |
Erythrocyte membrane ([xkat/[xg protein) | 2.30 | 1.29 | 2.36 | 2.45 | 1.99 | 0.44 | NS |
5' Nucleotidase | |||||||
Plasma (U/L) | 6.1 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 0.90 | 0.0001 |
Mononuclear (U/L)3 | 18.7 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 11.9 | 22.9 | 7.27 | 0.015 |
Erythrocyte membrane (U/L) | 13.2 | 15.2 | 16.3 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 3.37 | NS |
Superoxide dismutase | |||||||
Extracellular (1000 U/L)4 | 27.3 | 25.8 | 31.3 | 28.8 | 31.2 | 1.82 | 0.0001 |
Erythrocyte Cu/Zn (U/mg protein) | 61.1 | 59.3 | 57.5 | 62.7 | 59.3 | 4.71 | NS |
Thyroid status | |||||||
Free triiodothyronine (pmol/L) | 4.71 | 4.17 | 4.56 | 4.27 | 4.56 | 0.61 | 0.07 |
Free thyroxine (pmol/L) | 13.91 | 12.28 | 13.29 | 12.91 | 13.78 | 0.84 | 0.002 |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (mU/L) | 2.44 | 2.33 | 2.22 | 2.16 | 1.97 | 0.26 | 0.07 |
* Two of the volunteers fed low-copper diets were supplemented before the end of the 90-d dietary periods with dietary copper because of significant changes detected by the Holter electrocardiograph; these volunteers were not included in this statistical analysis
1Values are the mean of 2 blood samples collected during the last month of each dietary period, except for plasma zinc, for which the values are the mean of 3 blood samples collected during the last month of each dietary zinc period. Equilibration diet (2.0 mg Cu and 9 mg Zn); low-copper diet (1 mg Cu); highcopper diet (3 mg Cu); low-zinc diet (3 mg Zn); high-zinc diet (53 mg Zn).
2Indicates differences between low and high dietary zinc by two-way ANOVA. No significant independent effects of copper were observed.
3 Significant zinc 3 copper interaction, P < 0.03.
4 Significant zinc 3 copper interaction, P < 0.01.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Zinc supplementation (50 mg zinc / day) significantly increased extracellular but not erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. This increase was more apparent when subjects were fed the low copper diet. Zinc supplementation in combination with the low copper diet significantly decreased amyloid precursor protein expression in platelets. Other indicators of zinc status that were significantly elevated after zinc supplementation were as follows: plasma zinc and free thyroxine concentrations and mononuclear 59-nucleotidase activity.
- Executive summary:
Indicators of zinc status were measured in 25 healthy postmenopausal women aged 64.9 ± 6.7 y. After a 10-d equilibration period, volunteers consumed a diet with either a low (1 mg/d; n = 12) or a high (3 mg/d; n = 13) copper content based on a total energy content of 8.4 MJ. They received the same amount of copper throughout the study. Both groups were fed the basal diet (3 mg Zn/d) with no zinc supplement for one 90-d period, and the diet supplemented with 50 mg Zn/d for another 90-d period. Zinc supplementation (50 mg zinc / day) significantly increased extracellular but not erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. This increase was more apparent when subjects were fed the low copper diet. Zinc supplementation in combination with the low copper diet significantly decreased amyloid precursor protein expression in platelets. Other indicators of zinc status that were significantly elevated after zinc supplementation were as follows: plasma zinc and free thyroxine concentrations and mononuclear 59-nucleotidase activity.
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