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EC number: 215-150-4 | CAS number: 1306-38-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 11 SEP 2006 to 08 AUG 2007
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- and EU Method C.2 (Acute toxicity for Daphnia)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: triplicates samples from the test medium (loading rate of 100 mg/L) and from the control were taken just before test start and after 48 hours.
- Sampling method: no data
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Immediately after sampling, the samples were acidified with 3% (v/v) nitric acid (HNO3, 65% Suprapur®, Merck) to stabilize the samples during the storage period. Then the samples were deep frozen and stored at about -20°C. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: an undiluted filtrate of a supersaturated dispersion with the loading rate of 100 mg/L was tested. The dispersion with the loading rate of 100 mg/L was prepared by dispersing 50.3 mg of the test item in 500 mL of test water. The test item was mixed into the test water as homogeneously as possible using ultrasonic treatment for 15 min and intense stirring. The dispersion was stirred on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature in the dark for seven days. After the stirring period, the dispersion was filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 µm). The undiluted filtrate of the dispersion was used as the test medium.
- Differential loadings: No (limit test)
- Controls: blank (test water without test item)
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no data - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: clone defined as clone 5
- Source: supplied in 1992 by University of Sheffield/UK
- Age at study initiation : 6-24 hours, not first brood progeny
- Weight and length at study initiation (mean and range, SD): no data
- Method of breeding: bred in RCC since 1992 in reconstituted water of the quality identical to the water used in the tests and under temperature and light conditions identical to those of the test.
- Feeding during test: No
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 2.5 mmol/L (= 250 mg/L as CaCO3)
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- 7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- between 8.5 and 8.8 mg/L
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal loading rate: 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type : 100 mL glass beakers
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: vessels filled with 50 mL of test medium
- Aeration: The test water was aerated prior to the start of the study until oxygen saturation was reached.During the test period, the test water was not aerated.
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): none (static test)
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): no renewal (static test)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- Biomass loading rate: 2 mL of medium per daphnia
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: reconstituted test water : analytical grade salts dissolved in purified water
- Alkalinity: 0.8 mmol/L
- Ca/Mg ratio (mol): 4:1 (based on molarity)
- Na/ K ratio (mol): 10:1 (based on molarity)
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: The pH values, the dissolved oxygen concentrations and the water temperature were determined at the start and at the end of the test in the control and the test medium. The appearance of the test medium was also recorded at the start of the test and after 24 and 48 hours.
- No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No
- Photoperiod: a 16 hour light to 8 hour dark with a 30 minute transition period.
- Light intensity: between 470 and 640 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED :
The daphnids were observed for immobility after 24 and 48 hours of exposure (daphnids not being able to swim within 15 seconds after gentle agitation of the test beaker are considered to be immobilized).
The NOELR and EL0 were determined directly from the raw data. The EL50 and EL100 could not be determined due to the absence of a toxic effect of the test item in this test.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not relevant (limit test)
- Range finding study: yes
- Test concentrations of the range finding study: no data
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: no mortality at the undiluted loading rate. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- No adverse effect was observed at the highest loading rate tested (i.e. 100 mg/L), which corresponded to the maximum concentration of dissolved test item. As a result, cerium dioxide is not acutely toxic for daphnids up to its solubility limit into water.
The analyticaly measured concentrations of cerium in the test medium samples taken at the start and at the end of the test were below the LOQ (< 1 µg/L)
No remarkable observations concerning the appearance of the test medium. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- 48h-EC50: 0.67 mg/L (acceptance range : 0.53 - 1.1 mg/L) (potassium dichromate) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- None as no adverse effect was observed
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Cerium dioxide had no acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna up to its solubility limit in the test water at the loading rate of 100 mg/L under the present test conditions.
- Executive summary:
The 48hr-acute toxicity of cerium dioxide to Daphnia magna was studied under static conditions according to the EU Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, Part C.2 (1992) and the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, N°202 (2004). Daphnids were exposed to control and test chemical at nominal concentration of 100 mg /L (loading rate) for 48 hr. Mortality/immobilization were observed daily. In the control and at the loading rate of 100 mg/L, no immobilized test organisms were determined during the test period of 48 h. Thus, the 48 hour EL50 and the 48 hour NOEC were > 100 mg/L. As no adverse effect was observed at the highest loading rate tested (i.e. 100 mg/L), which corresponded to the maximum concentration of dissolved test item, cerium dioxide is not acutely toxic for daphnids up to its solubility limit into water.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- none
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Cerium oxide was poorly soluble in water. According the Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2002), a saturated solution of these high purity cerium oxide was prepared. No other details.
- Controls: yes, test water without test item
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no data
- No further data - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- No data
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- No data
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 100% (v/v saturated solution) cerium oxide
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: no data
- Aeration: no data
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): no data
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): no data
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per positive control (replicates): 2
- Biomass loading rate: no data
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
No data
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : The daphnids were observed for immobility after 24 and 48 hours of exposure.
The 48-hour EC50 and the 48-hour NOEC were determined.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not applicable (limit test)
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: not applicable (limit test)
- Range finding study: none - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate (0.32; 0.56; 1.0 mg/l)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 other: % (v/v) saturated solution of cerium oxide
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 100 other: % (v/v) saturated solution of cerium oxide
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- There were no toxic effects observed i.e. no immobilisation occurred at any time period during the test.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- The 48h-EC50 was not calculated in the publication. It should be noticed that no adverse effect was observed at 0.56 mg/L, while 100% immobility was observed at the highest tested (1.0 mg/L) (potassium dichromate) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- No data
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Cerium oxide had no acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna at 100% (v/v) saturated solution.
- Executive summary:
The 48hr-acute toxicity of cerium oxide to Daphnia magna was studied according to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, N°202 (2004). Daphnids were exposed to control and test chemical at 100% (v/v) saturated solution for 48 hr. Immobilization were observed during the test. In the control and at 100% (v/v) saturated solution, no immobilized test organisms were determined during the test period of 48 h. Thus, the 48 hour EC50 and the 48 hour NOEC were > 100% (v/v) saturated solution.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- From JAN 2007 to 26 APR 2007
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to an american guideline, without reference to the application of GLP and without analytical monitoring of the test substance. However, the experimental details and results were well described.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002a. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. EPA-821-R-02-012. Office of Water, Washington D.C.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- none
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Test solution was prepared by combining Cerium oxide with moderately hard reconstituted lab water. Cerium oxide was insoluble, which resulted in highly turbid solution. As a result, in order to eliminate any toxic effects due to high suspended solids, the solids were allowed to settle before using the solution in the test. The stock solution was prepared and allowed to mix for 24 hours. After 24 hours of mixing, it was removed from the stir plate and the suspended solid was allowed to settle for an additional 24 hours. The stock solution (100 g/L) was then decanted and used to prepare the tests solutions.
- Controls: yes, reconstituted water without test item
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no data
- No further data - Test organisms (species):
- Ceriodaphnia dubia
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: no data
- Source: Organisms were cultured in-house.
- Age at study initiation : < 24 hours old
- Lenght / Weight at study initiation : no data
- Method of breeding: no data
- Feeding during test : Organisms were fed YCT and Selenastrum 2 hours prior to test initiation, but were not fed for the duration of the test.
- No further data
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: yes
- Acclimation conditions : cultured in reconstituted water
- No further data - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 80-98 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 20.0 ± 1.0°C
- pH:
- 7.85 - 8.12
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.0 - 7.5 mg O2/L
- Salinity:
- not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- The test was performed twice on the same day.
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 30 ml disposable plastic cup filled with 25 ml test solution
- Aeration: no data
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): none (semi-static test)
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): after 24 hours of exposure
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- Biomass loading rate: no data
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The reconstituted lab water was prepared using ultra-pure deionized water combined with reagent grade chemicals and followed the standard EPA recipe, with a slight modification to increase the hardness to approximately 100 mg/L.
- Alkalinity: 44-64 mg CaCO3/L
- Conductivity: 324-349 µmho/cm
- Total dissolved solids: 155-167 mg/L
- Ammonia: 0.12-0.32 mg NH3/L
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Total hardness (as mg CaCO3/L), pH, alkalinity (as mg CaCO3/L), conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonia, and dissolved oxygen were measured in all concentrations at test initiation. Temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured daily in each concentration.
- No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16L:8D light cycle
- Light intensity: 50-100 ft-c light intensity
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : The daphnia acute bioassay measure survivability to determine the Lethal Concentration for 50% of the organisms, also known as the LC50.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: no data
- Range finding study: yes
- Test concentrations: 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: no mortality at 12500, 25000, 50000 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Reference toxicity tests were conducted monthly to ensure consistent organism quality. No further information.
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 50 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- no data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- No data
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Cerium oxide had no acute toxic effect on Ceriodaphnia dubia up to 50000 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The 48hr-acute toxicity of cerium oxide to Ceriodaphnia dubia was studied according to the US EPA Method EPA-821 -R-02 -012 (2002). Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to control and test chemical at 12500, 25000 and 50000 mg/L for 48 hr. Mortality were observed during the test. No significant mortality was observed during the test period of 48 h at any concentration tested. Thus, the 48 hour LC50 was >50000mg/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: :
- Remarks:
- Some tables and figures of the publication report results on bulk cerium dioxide. However, the article primarily deals with the nanoparticle form, and no experimental detail is given concerning the experiment with the micrometric ones. Therefore, a reliability 4 was attributed to this data.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No data are available on the bulk form. As results are presented concomittantly with those on nanoparticles, one can expect that the same experimental protocol was applied (i.e. OECD method 202).
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- No data on the analytical monitoring of concentrations of bulk cerium dioxide during the test.
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- No data are available on the bulk form.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- No data are available concerning the organisms tested during the experiment on the bulk form.
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- No data
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- Not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- No data are available on the bulk form.
- Details on test conditions:
- No data are available on the bulk form.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- No further data.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the limited details provided, cerium dioxide does not present acute toxicity for daphnids.
- Executive summary:
In this publication primarily dealing with nanoparticulate cerium dioxide, some results are given concerning the bulk form. A 48-hour NOEC superior to 1000 mg/L based on immobility was reported; implying that bulk cerium dioxide does not present acute toxicity for Daphnia magna.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The level of details provided in the publication is considerably to low to conclude on its reliability.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No data except that daphnids were exposed for 96 hours to test chemical.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- No analytical monitoring of the test substance concentration during the test
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Particles were prepared by sonicating for 30 minutes in EPA water containing 0.01 - 10 µg/mL of particles.
- Controls: Yes, EPA water without the addition of particles.
No further data. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): no data, except that neonates were used.
No further data.
ACCLIMATION
No data. - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- No data
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- Not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0.01 to 10 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
No data
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: EPA medium
No further data
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
No data
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable)
Endpoints assessed included lethality and shedding of the carapace.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: No data
- Range finding study: No data - Details on results:
- No mortality was observed among the daphnids exposed to 0.01 to 10 mg/L.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the limited details provided, cerium dioxide does not present acute toxicity for daphnids.
- Executive summary:
The impacts of cerium dioxide were investigated on Daphnia magna assessing mortality when exposed for 96 hours to concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L. No mortality was observed among the daphnids exposed to the different concentrations.
Referenceopen allclose all
Effect of OPALINE DE POLISSAGE on the Mobility of Daphnia magna:
Treatment (Loading rate) |
No. of daphnids tested |
Immobilized daphnids after 24 hours |
Immobilized daphnids after 48 hours |
Control |
20 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
Undiluted filtrate (100 mg/L) |
20 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
Effect of Cerium oxide on the Mobility of Daphnia magna:
Nominal concentration (% v/v saturated solution) |
No. of daphnids tested |
Immobilized daphnids after 24 hours |
Immobilized daphnids after 48 hours |
Control |
40 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
100% cerium oxide |
40 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
No.: 0 %: 0 |
Effect of Cerium oxide on the Mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia:
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
0 |
12500 |
25000 |
50000 |
Test A: Alive/Exposed % survival |
20/20 100 |
19/20 95 |
20/20 100 |
14/20 70 |
Test B: Alive/Exposed % survival |
19/20 95 |
19/20 95 |
18/20 90 |
20/20 100 |
Description of key information
The 48-hour EL50 (Daphnia magna) of the bulk form of cerium dioxide is > 100 mg/L based on the mobility. Hence, the bulk form of cerium dioxide is not harmful for the daphnids.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Five experimental studies are available. One of them (RCC, 2007), quoted as reliability 1 according to Klimisch, was selected as a key study; the other ones of reliability 2 (Park et al, 2007a and Lambert, 2007) and 4 (Van Hoecke et al., 2009a, Gaiser et al., 2009) gave consistent results and were selected as supporting studies. All of these data concluded that the bulk form of cerium dioxide was not acutely harmful to daphnids.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.