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EC number: 269-798-8 | CAS number: 68333-89-1 The non-volatile, high-boiling residue from the distillation of products from cumene-phenol process. It consists predominantly of substituted phenyl groups crosslinked by carbon-oxygen bonds and phenylaliphatic bonds.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The study is comparable to OECD Guideline 427 with acceptable restrictions (72 h exposure; partly limited documentation; no data about radioactivity in exhaled air [but only minor elimination route, see Section 7.1.1]; low dose [typically 1-5 mg/cm² applied] ).
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Disposition of phenol in rat after oral, dermal, intravenous, and intratracheal administration
- Author:
- Hughes MF, Hall LL
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Xenobiotica 25: 873-883
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 427 (Skin Absorption: In Vivo Method)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol
- EC Number:
- 203-632-7
- EC Name:
- Phenol
- Cas Number:
- 108-95-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O
- IUPAC Name:
- phenol
- Details on test material:
- Uniformly 14C-ring labelled phenol (specific activity 100 μCi/μmol)
Radiochemical purity > 98% determined by radiochromatography
Source: Moravek Biochemicals (Brea, CA, USA)
No further data
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 14C-phenol
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- female
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- 72 h
- Doses:
- 0.033 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per group:
- 3-4 animals (no further details)
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- Rats used for dermal exposure were anaesthetized 24 h before treatment and hair on the dorsal skin surface removed with an electric clipper; animals received then a collar (for acclimatization). Animals were dosed with 0.033 mg 14C-phenol/kg bw.
dermal: rats anaesthetized by ether and phenol applied on a marked skin area of 2.57 cm²; plastic blister glued over the treated skin with cyanoacrylate adhesive. After dosing rats returned to the metabolism cages; urine collected at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and faeces at 24, 48 and 72 h; samples weighed after collection and stored at - 70°C until analysed. Urine (0,1 ml) analysed for radioactivity in the scintillation counter. Faeces air-dried, weighed, pulverized, and 200-300 mg of the pulverized faeces combusted in the oxidizer and also analysed for radioactivity. Aliquots of the 4 and 8-h urine were directly analysed by HPLC methods (metabolites measured).
At 72 h post-exposure, the orally, intravenously, and intratracheally treated animals sacrificed (cardiac puncture) and tissues removed [liver, kidney, trachea, Iung, skin, muscle (vastus lateralis), epididymal fat, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (including caecum) and the contents of the last three tissues]. Tissues weighed, combusted and analysed for radioactivity; carcasses homogenized, combusted and also analysed for radioactivity.
Dermally treated animals anaesthetized and a piece of untreated skin removed (dorsal side); plastic blister cut with a razor blade and the treated skin washed with 3x1 ml of soap/water mixture, followed by 1x 1 ml water and dried; wash samples analysed for radioactivity; the treated skin was then removed from the animal and rat sacrificed (cardiac puncture), tissues collected as described above. Radioactivity detected in the skin washes and treated skin added to the recovered dose; radioactivity in blisters 2.5% (not in recovered dose).
Results and discussion
- Signs and symptoms of toxicity:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not expected
- Dermal irritation:
- not specified
- Absorption in different matrices:
- Dermal exposure: 40% of the recovered dose was excreted in urine by 4 h and 70% by 12 h; urinary elimination of radioactivity after dermal exposure was essentially complete by 24 h; after 72 h totally 75% of applied radioactivity was detected in urine and 3% in faeces; washing the dermal site 72 h post-exposure removed 14% of the dose, 2% of the dose were detected in the skin. In carcass ca. 1% of recovered dose was detected.
In comparison to excretion via urine faecal elimination was considerably lower. - Total recovery:
- Skin absorption of phenol in the rat was ca. 80%, although 15-20% lower compared with oral and intratracheal administration. The difference in absorption was found in the skin wash (14%) and treated skin (2%).
Percutaneous absorption
- Dose:
- 0.033 mg/kg bw
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- ca. 80 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 72 h
Any other information on results incl. tables
Absorption and elimination was rapid and extensive after dermal application. In comparison to excretion via urine faecal elimination was considerably lower.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In the rats 80% of the dermally applied dose was absorbed.
- Executive summary:
The study is comparable to OECD Guideline 427 with acceptable restrictions (72 h exposure; partly limited documentation; no data about radioactivity in exhaled air [but only minor elimination route, see Section 7.1.1]; low dose [typically 1-5 mg/cm² applied]).
Female F344 rats (n=3 -4 per group) received 0.033 mg/kg bw 14C-labelled phenol via the dermal route (occlusive, exposure duration 72 h). Radioactivity in urine and faeces was analysed after sampling in metabolism cages; the animals were sacrificed 72 h after application and radioactivity in skin, carcass and washings determined. after 72 h totally 75% of applied radioactivity was detected in urine and 3% in faeces; washing the dermal site 72 h post-exposure removed 14% of the dose, 2% of the dose were detected in the skin. In carcass ca. 1% of recovered dose was detected. Skin absorption of phenol in the rat was ca. 80%, although 15-20% lower compared with oral and intratracheal administration. The difference in absorption was found in the skin wash (14%) and treated skin (2%).
Conclusion: In the rats 80% of the dermally applied dose was absorbed.
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