Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 480-680-7 | CAS number: 120128-90-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- fertility, other
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: This study has been performed according to OECD and/or EC guidelines and according to GLP principles.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Wistar strain, Crl:WI(Han)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- - Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany.
- Age at study initiation: Young adult animals (approx. 6 weeks old)
- Weight at study initiation: Body weight variation was within +/- 20% of the sex mean. (males: 156-176 grams; females: 93-123 grams)
- Housing: Group housing of 5 animals per cage in labeled Macrolon cages
- Diet: Free access to pelleted rodent diet (SM R/M-Z from SSNIFF® Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany).
- Water: Free access to tap water.
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18.9 – 23.4
- Humidity (%): 41 - 95
- Air changes (per hr): approx 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Temporary deviations from the maximum level of relative humidity occurred. Laboratory historical data do not indicate an effect of the deviations.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 17 October 2011 - 19 January 2012 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Formulations (w/w) were prepared daily within 6 hours prior to dosing, and were homogenized to visually acceptable levels. Adjustment was made for density and purity of the test substance.
VEHICLE:
Water
DOSE VOLUME:
5 ml/kg body weight. Actual dose volumes were calculated according to the latest body weight - Details on mating procedure:
- no mating
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Analyses were conducted during the treatment phase, according to a validated method (NOTOX project 454117). Samples of formulations were analyzed for homogeneity (highest and lowest concentration) and accuracy of preparation (all concentrations; in weeks 1, 6 and 13). The accuracy of preparation was considered acceptable if the mean measured concentrations were 90-110% of the target concentration for solutions. Homogeneity was demonstrated if the coefficient of variation was ≤ 10%.
The concentrations analysed in the formulations of Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were in agreement with target concentrations (i.e. mean accuracies between 90% and 110%).
A small response at the retention time of the test substance was observed in the chromatograms of the Group 1 formulation prepared for use in Week 6. This was considered to have been introduced during sample pretreatment, since the response was not observed in the duplicate test sample. In all other formulations of Group 1, no test substance was detected.
The formulations of Group 2 and Group 4 were homogeneous (i.e. coefficient of variation ≤ 10%). - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- At least 90 days.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily, 7 d/w.
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 300, 1000
Basis:
actual ingested - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Dose levels were based on results of a 14-day oral range finding study with PC-2011-350 by daily gavage in the rat (NOTOX project 497623). - Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: yes
- Time schedule: At least twice daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS:yes
- Time schedule: At least once daily from start of treatment onwards, detailed clinical observations were made in all animals after dosing. Once prior to start of treatment and at weekly intervals during the treatment phase pre-dose clinical observations were performed outside the home cage in a standard arena. The time of onset, grade and duration of any observed signs was recorded.
Arena observations were conducted prior to dosing instead of after dosing. No peak effect of occurrence of clinical signs was noted during the dose range finding study. Therefore, the timing of conduct of the arena observations was considered not critical.
BODY WEIGHT: yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly.
FOOD EFFICIENCY: yes
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data
Food consumption was measured off-line on Day 9 instead of Day 8. Based on conducted measurements, an adequate assessment of the food intake could be made. A correction was made afterwards in the calculated food intake data to account for the difference in measurement period of food intake during the first two weeks.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: yes
- Time schedule for examinations: at pretest: all animals (including spare animals), at week 13: Groups 1 and 4.
HAEMATOLOGY: yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to scheduled post mortem examination
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: isoflurane
- Animals fasted: yes
- How many animals: all animals
- Parameters checked: According to test guidelines
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to scheduled post mortem examination
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: isoflurane
- Animals fasted: yes
- How many animals: all animals
- Parameters checked: According to test guidelines
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: yes
- Time schedule for examinations: During week 12-13 of treatment
- Dose groups that were examined: all animals of Groups 1 and 4
- Battery of functions tested: hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex and grip strength, motor activity test. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: yes
- All animals were fasted overnight with a maximum of 20 hours prior to planned necropsy, but water was provided. Animals surviving to scheduled necropsy were deeply anaesthetised and subsequently exsanguinated.
- Dose groups that were examined: all groups
- Tissues/organs checked: According to test guidelines
ORGAN WEIGHTS: yes
Organs checked according to test guidelines
HISTOPATHOLOGY: yes
According to test guidelines
For one animal of Group 4 one mandibular lymph node was available for histopathology. Sufficient data was available for histopathological evaluation. - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects on reproductive organs up to the limit dose
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- From the results presented in this report a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of at least 1000 mg/kg was established.
- Executive summary:
In a subchronic toxicity study (according to OECD Guideline 408), the testsubstance was administered to 10 Wistar rats/sex/dose by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 consecutive days.
There were no compound related effects in mortality, clinical signs, functional observations, ophthalmoscopy, body weight and weight gain, food consumption and food efficiency, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, gross and histologic pathology or neurobehaviour.
From the results presented in this report a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of at least 1000 mg/kg was established.
This subchronic toxicity study in the rat is acceptable and satisfies the guideline requirements for a OECD 408 study in rats.
Reference
No mortality occurred during the study period.
No clinical signs of toxicity were noted during the observation period. Incidental findings that were noted included scabs, a broken tail apex, elongated teeth (indicated in the tables as “broken upper incisors”) and salivation. These findings occurred within the range of background findings to be expected for rats of this age and strain which are housed and treated under the conditions in this study. At the incidence observed, these were considered signs of no toxicological significance.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Body weights and body weight gain of treated animals remained in the same range as controls over the study period.
FOOD EFFICIENCY
Food consumption before or after allowance for body weight was similar between treated and control animals.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
No toxicologically significant ophthalmology findings were noted. Incidental ophthalmology findings at pretest or in week 13 consisted of pinpoint or multifocal corneal opacities, central lens opacity, persistent hyaloid vessel remnants, posterior cataract due to hyaloid remnants, and focal corneal oedema. The nature and incidence of these findings was within the range considered to be normal for rats of this age and strain, and therefore considered to be of no toxicological relevance.
HAEMATOLOGY
No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in haematological parameters of treated rats. Any statistically significant changes in haematological parameters were considered to be of no toxicological significance as they occurred in the absence of a (clear) dose-related trend and remained within the range considered normal for rats of this age and strain. These changes consisted of lower white blood cell (WBC) red blood cell counts in males at 1000 mg/kg, higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) in males and females at 1000 mg/kg, higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in males at 100 and 300 mg/kg, lower reticulocyte counts in females at 300 mg/kg, lower haematocrit level in females at 100 mg/kg, higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in females at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg, and higher platelet counts in females at 300 and 1000 mg/kg.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in clinical biochemistry parameters of treated rats. Any statistically significant changes in clinical biochemistry parameters were considered to be of no toxicological significance as they occurred in the absence of a (clear) dose-related trend and remained within the range considered normal for rats of this age and strain. These changes consisted of lower sodium and chloride levels in males at 100 mg/kg, higher total bilirubin and urea levels in females at 1000 mg/kg, higher creatinine levels in females at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg, and lower potassium levels in females at 100 mg/kg.
NEUROBEHAVIOUR
Hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex and grip strength were normal in all animals of the control group and at 1000 mg/kg. Motor activity was similar between the 1000 mg/kg and control group. Both groups showed a similar motor activity habituation profile with high activity in the first interval that decreased over the duration of the test period.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
No toxicologically significant changes were noted in organ weights and organ to body weight ratios. Statistically significant changes in organ weights were considered not to be a sign of toxicity as they occurred in the absence of a (clear) dose-related trend and remained within the range considered normal for rats of this age and strain. These changes consisted of lower absolute and relative spleen and prostate weight in males at 100 mg/kg, lower absolute and relative seminal vesicle weight in males at 100 and 300 mg/kg, higher absolute brain weight in females at 300 mg/kg, and lower absolute and relative spleen weight in female at 300 mg/kg.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
Necropsy did not reveal any toxicologically relevant alterations. The incidence of macroscopic findings among control and treated animals was within the background range of findings that are encountered among rats of this age and strain, and did not show a dose-related incidence trend. These necropsy findings were therefore considered to be of no toxicological relevance, and included red foci on the lungs, an accessory liver on the caudate lobe, pelvic dilation of the kidneys, flaccid seminal vesicles, a tan focus on the preputial or clitoral glands, tan discolouration of the clitoral glands, enlarged spleen with irregular surface, a bent tail bone, a yellowish hard or soft nodule on the epididymal adipose tissue, fluid in the uterus, red discolouration of the mandibular lymph nodes and alopecia.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
There were no microscopic findings recorded which could be attributed to treatment with the test substance. All microscopic findings were within the range of background pathology encountered in Wistar rats of this age and strain and occurred at similar incidences and severity in both control and treated rats.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- Data from a GLP compliant guideline study with reliability 1.
Additional information
The substance was subjected to a compliance check by ECHA. It was decided (decision number: CCH-D-0000001299-68-04/F) that no screening test on reproductive toxicity has to be carried out, but a developmental toxicity study and a 90 day repeated dose toxicity study must be carried out.
In the subchronic repeated dose toxicity study, Wistar (Crl:WI) rats (Han) were treated with Formamidopropyldimethylbetain by oral gavage for 90 days (10 animals/sex/dose) at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day. No adverse test substance-related effects were observed on the reproductive organs of either gender up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Fertility studies are not available and not necessary at the production volume of this substance. According to Annex IX, section 8.7.3 of REACH regulation, further testing on reproductive toxicity (one-generation reproductive toxicity study), does not need to be conducted, if the 28-day or 90- day study do not indicates adverse effects on reproductive organs or tissues.
Further testing for effects concerning fertility is considered not to be necessary because up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day there were no indications for substance-related effects in general and especially regarding organ weights (ovary and testis) and histopathology of gonads from the repeated dose toxicity study. In addition this is substantiated by the absence of effects on maternal reproduction, embryo lethality or embryotoxicity in the developmental toxicity study in rats with doses of up to 1000 mg Formamidopropyldimethylbetain/kg bw/day.
The results of the animal studies are relevant for human health without restrictions.
Short description of key information:
Concerning fertility there are no animal studies specifically
investigating this endpoint. However, data from a subchronic repeated
dose toxicity study are available. There were no significant adverse
test substance-related effects in this study for any of the parameters
measured, especially regarding organ weights of ovary and testes and
histopathology of gonads, uterus, mammary gland, prostate and seminal
vesicle. There is no information available in humans.
The NOAEL for fertility is at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via oral route:
Data from a GLP compliant guideline study with reliability 1.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
Data from a prenatal developmental toxicity study with rats are available. There were no maternal treatment related effects and no treatment-related effects in developmental parameters up to the limit dose. The maternal and developmental No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for was established as being at least 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 20 December 2011 - 26 January 2012
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: This study has been performed according to OECD and/or EC guidelines and according to GLP principles.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.31 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.3700 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:WI(Han)
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany.
- Sex: males and females. Nulliparous and nonpregnant females and untreated animals were used at initiation of the study.
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 12 weeks.
- Weight at study initiation: mean weight of females range at start of post-coitum was 215 gram.
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing:
Pre-mating: Animals were housed in groups of 5 animals/sex/cage in Macrolon cages.
Mating: Females were caged together with males on a one-to-one-basis in Macrolon cages.
Post-coitum: Females were individually housed in Macrolon cages.
General: Sterilised sawdust as bedding material and paper as cage enrichment were supplied.
- Diet: Free access to pelleted rodent diet (SM R/M-Z from SSNIFF® Spezialdiäten GmbH, Soest, Germany).
- Water: Free access to tap water.
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days
- Identification: Animals were only identified by tattoo on the foot and not by earmark as well. Animals were individually housed with unique identification, thus this has no impact on the study’s integrity.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.6 - 21.5°C
- Humidity (%): 42 - 89%
- Air changes (per hr): approx 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Any variations to these conditions were maintained in the raw data and had no effect on the outcome of the study.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 20 December 2011 - 26 January 2012 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- Method of formulation:
Formulations (w/w) were prepared daily within 6 hours prior to dosing and were homogenized to a visually acceptable level. Corrections were made
for the purity and the density of the test substance.
Storage conditions of formulations:
At ambient temperature.
Dose volume: 5 mL/kg body weight. Actual dose volumes were calculated according to the latest body weight. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Analyses were conducted on a single occasion during the treatment phase (06 January 2012), according to a validated method (NOTOX Project 454117). Samples of formulations were analyzed for homogeneity (highest and lowest concentration) and accuracy of preparation (all concentrations). The accuracy of preparation was considered acceptable if the mean measured concentrations were 90-110% of the target concentration. Homogeneity was demonstrated if the coefficient of variation was ≤ 10%.
The concentrations analysed in the formulations of Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were in agreement with target concentrations (i.e. mean accuracies between 90% and 110%) and no test substance was detected in the Group 1 formulation. The formulations of Group 2 and Group 4 were homogeneous (i.e. coefficient of variation ≤ 10%). - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage:1/1 (one female was cohabitated with one male ).
- Age at mating of the mated females in the study: Approximately 12 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: Detection of mating was confirmed by evidence of sperm in the vaginal lavage, by the appearance of an intravaginal copulatory plug and/or by determination of the estrous stage. This day was designated Day 0 post-coitum. Once mating had occurred, the males and females were separated.
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged individually in Macrolon cages (MIII type, height 18 cm). - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Females were exposed from Days 6 to 19 post-coitum, inclusive.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily for 7 d/w.
- Duration of test:
- Duration of treatment: From Days 6 to 19 post-coitum, inclusive.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 22
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Dose levels were selected based on the results of the pilot study (NOTOX Project 497618 (see attached document), based on the results from the 14-day pilot to the 90-day study (NOTOX Project 497923) and the results of the 90-day study (NOTOX Project 497622) available at initiation of the
main prenatal developmental toxicity study.
- Rationale for animal assignment: Upon detection of mating (Day 0 post-coitum), the females were distributed in a random sequence over the test groups. Females which were mated on the same day were classified in the same subgroup. - Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS:
- Time schedule: At least twice daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS:
- Time schedule: At least once daily from Day 0 post-coitum onwards. The time of onset, grade and duration of any observed sign was recorded. Signs were graded for severity.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION:
No
BODY WEIGHT:
- Time schedule for examinations: Days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17 and 20 post-coitum
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Time schedule for examinations: Days 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-17 and 17-20 post-coitum.
WATER CONSUMPTION :
No. Subjective appraisal was maintained during the study, but no quantitative investigation introduced as no effect was suspected.
GENERAL REPRODUCTION DATA
- Mating date and confirmation of pregnancy was recorded.
- Pregnant females were examined to detect signs of difficult or prolonged parturition, and cage debris of these females was examined to detect signs of abortion or premature birth.
HAEMATOLOGY:
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to scheduled post mortem examination.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (iso-flurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (with a maximum of 20 hours). Water was provided.
- How many animals: first 10 pregnant females/group. Instead of 10 animals, blood was taken from 14, 13, 12 and 13 animals from Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The additional data is reported and has no adverse impact on the study’s integrity.
- Parameters checked were: According to test guidelines
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to scheduled post mortem examination, between 7.00 and 10.30 a.m
- Animals fasted: No the animals were not deprived of food overnight. Water was provided.
- How many animals: first 10 pregnant females/group. Instead of 10 animals, blood was taken from 13, 12, 12 and 13 animals from Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The additional data is reported and has no adverse impact on the study’s integrity.
- Parameters checked were: According to test guidelines
URINALYSIS:
No - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight
- Number of corpora lutea
- The weight of the (gravid) uterus.
- The number and distribution of live and dead fetuses
- The number and distribution of embryo-fetal deaths
- The weight of each fetus.
- The sex of each fetus from the ano-genital distance (during necropsy) and also from gonadal inspections (during further fetal examination).
- Externally visible macroscopic fetal abnormalities.
The uterus from one animal of Group 2 was not weighed Evaluation: Sufficient data is available for a thorough evaluation. - Fetal examinations:
- External, visceral and skeletal fetal findings were recorded as developmental variations or malformations.
- External examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: all per litter of Groups 1 and 4
- Head examinations: Yes: half per litter - Statistics:
- - If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test (many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
- The Steel-test (many-to-one rank test) was applied if the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- The Fisher Exact-test was applied to frequency data.
The Mann Whitney test was used to compare mean litter proportions (percent of litter) of the number of viable and dead fetuses, early and late resorptions, total resorptions, pre- and postimplantation loss, and sex distribution.
- Mean litter proportions (percent per litter) of total fetal malformations and developmental variations (external, visceral and skeletal), and each particular external, visceral and skeletal malformation or variation were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test to determine intergroup differences. If the ANOVA revealed statistically significant (p<0.05) intergroup variance, Dunn’s test was used to compare the compound-treated groups to the control group.
All tests were two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 was accepted as the lowest level of significance. Group means were calculated for continuous data and medians were calculated for discrete data (scores) in the summary tables.
No statistics were applied for data on maternal survival, pregnancy status, group mean numbers of dead fetuses, early and late resorptions, and pre- and post-implantation loss. Dead fetuses, early and late resporptions and pre- and post-implantation loss were compared using the litter as the statistical unit. - Indices:
- For each litter the following calculations were performed:
Pre-implantation loss (%) = (number of corpora lutea - number of implantation sites) / number of corpora lutea x 100
Post-implantation loss (%) = (number of implantation sites - number of live fetuses) / number of implantation sites x 100
The fetal developmental findings were summarized by: 1) presenting the incidence of a given finding both as the number of fetuses and the number of litters available for examination in the group; and 2) considering the litter as the basic unit for comparison, calculating the number of affected fetuses as a mean litter proportion on a total group basis, where: Viable fetuses affected / litter (%) = (number of viable fetuses affected / litter)/(number of viable fetuses/litter) x 100 - Historical control data:
- report contains historical control data on malformations and variations for the rat strain used. Number of studies evaluated: 23
Total No. Fetuses/Litters Examined Externally 4557 384
Total No. Fetuses/Litters Examined Viscerally 3740 384
Total No. Fetuses/Litters Examined Skeletally 3122 376 - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
Details on maternal toxic effects:
There were 2, 1, 2 and 2 non-pregnant females in the control, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg groups, respectively. There were no treatment related effects on the numbers of implantation sites, corpora lutea, pre-implantation or post-implantation loss up to 1000 mg/kg. Post-implantation loss was higher at 100 mg/kg, but in the absence of a dose response it was not considered treatment related. - Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects. Remark: Only early postnatal pup development parameters were examined including body weight, post-natal loss, sex ratio, clinical signs, body weight and external macroscopy.
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There was no effect of treatment on the litter size for any group, nor were there any effects on the numbers of viable or dead fetuses. - Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects up to the limit dose
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In conclusion, based on the results in this prenatal developmental toxicity study the maternal and developmental No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for PC-2011-350 was established as being at least 1000 mg/kg body weight/day.
- Executive summary:
In a developmental toxicity study according to OECD guideline 414, the testsubstance was administered to 22 female Crl:WI(Han) rats/dose by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 3000 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from days 6 to 19 post-coitum.
There were no maternal treatment-related effects in mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, or cesarean parameters observed in the 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups. The maternal NOEL is at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day, based on no effects up to the limit dose.
There were no treatment-related effects in developmental parameters observed in the 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups. The developmental NOEL is at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day, based on no effects up to the limit dose.
The developmental toxicity study in the rat is classified acceptable and satisfies the guideline requirement for a developmental toxicity study (OPPTS 870.3700; OECD 414) in rat.
Reference
MATERNAL FINDINGS
Mortality: There were no unscheduled deaths in the study.
Clinical signs: There were no treatment related clinical signs noted up to 1000 mg/kg. Alopecia was an incidental clinical sign noted for control and treated animals, which had no association with treatment.
Body weights: Body weights and body weight gains remained unaffected by treatment up to 1000 mg/kg.
Food consumption: There were no treatment related effects on absolute or relative food consumption up to 1000 mg/kg.
Haematology: There were no toxicologically relevant effects on haematology parameters up to 1000 mg/kg. Significant reductions in red blood cell counts (all treated groups) and in haemoglobin and haematocrit values (both at 100 and 1000 mg/kg) were seen. However, these differences were likely due to relatively high means obtained for control animals that were attributable to high values for animal nos. 1 and 3 for all three parameters (high red blood cells for one female of the control group were also seen). In the absence of treatment related effects on any other parameter, these changes were not considered to be toxicologically relevant.
Clinical biochemistry: Clinical biochemistry parameters were unaffected up to 1000 mg/kg.
Macroscopic examination: There were no macroscopic findings attributable to treatment noted up to 1000 mg/kg. Incidental findings seen for control and treated animals included alopecia on the flanks, hind legs and/or abdominal regions. Tan discoloration of the thymus was also noted for one control female and one high dose female; this high dose female also had fluid in the uterus and cervix. These findings have no toxicological relevance.
Organ weights: There were no differences in uterine weights between control and treated animals up to 1000 mg/kg.
Maternal pregnancy data: There were 2, 1, 2 and 2 non-pregnant females in the control, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg groups, respectively. There were no treatment related effects on the numbers of implantation sites, corpora lutea, pre-implantation or post-implantation loss up to 1000 mg/kg. Post-implantation loss was higher at 100 mg/kg, but in the absence of a dose response it was not considered treatment related.
FETAL FINDINGS
Litter size: There was no effect of treatment on the litter size for any group, nor were there any effects on the numbers of viable or dead fetuses.
Sex ratio: The sex ratio was unaffected by treatment.
Fetal body weight: There were no treatment related effects on fetal body weights up to 1000 mg/kg.
External malformations and variations: There were no test substance-related effects on fetal external morphology. Two live fetuses and a dead fetus were observed with external malformations in the mouth region. One fetus at 100 mg/kg had a small lower jaw and one fetus at 1000 mg/kg had a cleft upper lip (bilateral), cleft palate (entire length) and small upper jaw. The cleft palate and small upper jaw of one fetus 1000 mg/kg were skeletally confirmed and in addition it appeared that this fetus had fused nasal bones and fused mandibles. The dead fetus at 100 mg/kg had craniorachischisis (the cranial vault and vertebral column were open through the sacral region) and a small upper jaw. No external developmental malformations were observed in any of the other fetuses and external variations were not observed in this study. Visceral malformations and variations: There were no test substance-related effects on fetal visceral morphology. Visceral malformations were observed 0(0), 3(2), 1(1) and 1(1) fetuses (litters) in the control, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg groups, respectively. At 100 mg/kg, the malformations observed were small eyes in one fetus (this fetus also had a small lower jaw at external examination), retroesophageal aortic arch in one fetus and internal hydrocephaly (observed at cephalic examination) in one fetus. At 1000 mg/kg, one fetus also had internal hydrocephaly and at 300 mg/kg, one fetus only had one testis and epididymis. In addition to these fetuses with visceral malformations, the dead fetus at 100 mg/kg had a malpositioned testis.
Visceral developmental variations observed in the test substance-treated groups were partially undescended thymus horns, small supernumerary liver lobes, liver appendix, dilated ureter, pale spleen, spot on stomach, supernumerary pancreas, discolored adrenal, right subclavian originating from the aortic arch and malpositioned left carotid.
Skeletal malformations and variations
There were no test substance-related effects on fetal skeletal morphology. Skeletal malformations were observed in 3(3) fetuses (litters) in both the control and 1000 mg/kg group. At 1000 mg/kg, two fetuses had a vertebral anomaly with associated rib anomaly. The anomaly in one fetus was located in the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column region and in one fetus in the cervical and thoracic region. Also at 1000 mg/kg, one fetus which was noted with a small upper jaw and cleft lip and cleft palate externally, had fused nasal bones and fused mandibles. The malformations observed in the control group were malpositioned metatarsal in one fetus, supernumerary metatarsal in one fetus and sternoschisis in one fetus. The mean litter incidence of ossified cervical centrum no. 1 was significantly decreased at 1000 mg/kg (23.2% per litter) compared to the control group value (36.0% per litter). Other skeletal developmental variations observed more than once in the test substance-treated groups were 14th rudimentary ribs, 7th cervical rudimentary ribs, unossified sternebra nos. 5 and 6, slightly to moderately malaligned sternebrae, reduced ossification of the skull, bent ribs, reduced ossification of vertebral centra, caudal shift of pelvic girdle and 14th full ribs.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- Data from a GLP compliant guideline study with reliability 1.
Additional information
The substance was subjected to a compliance check by ECHA. It was decided (decision number: CCH-D-0000001299-68-04/F) that no screening test on reproductive toxicity has to be carried out, but a developmental toxicity study and a 90 day repeated dose toxicity study must be carried out.
In the developmental toxicity study according to OECD guideline 414, Formamidopropyldimethylbetain was administered to 22 female Crl:WI(Han) rats/dose by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 3000 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from days 6 to 19 post-coitum.
There were no maternal treatment-related effects in mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, or cesarean parameters observed in the 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups. The maternal NOEL is at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day, based on no effects up to the limit dose.
There were no treatment-related effects in developmental parameters observed in the 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups. The developmental NOEL is at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day, based on no effects up to the limit dose.
It can therefore be concluded with sufficient certainty that Formamidopropyldimethylbetain does not cause developmental toxicity and that further testing is not scientifically necessary.
The results of the animal studies are relevant for human health without restrictions.
Justification for selection of Effect on developmental
toxicity: via oral route:
Data from a GLP compliant guideline study with reliability 1.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Results of the prenatal developmental toxicity study do not indicate a substance-related effect on the fetus up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, the aspect of prenatal developmental toxicity is sufficiently covered and the substance does not require to be labelled for developmental toxicity.
Results of the repeated dose toxicity test does not indicate a substance-related effect on reproduction (fertility) up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
In conclusion, results of existing studies indicate that Formamidopropyldimethylbetain, needs not be classified for effects on toxicity to reproduction according to Directive 67/548/EEC as well as on toxicity to reproduction (fertility and development) according to GHS Regulation EC No 1272/2008 and therefore labelling is not necessary.
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)