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EC number: 946-329-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 2004
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples of natural surface waters were taken at eight locations, five in The Netherlands, two in Belgium, and one in France. Samples for toxicity assays with different organisms were taken on various occasions. Two sampling techniques were used. The first technique consisted of taking a 50-L sample of natural water in acid-washed (0.14 N HNO3) polyethylene vessels. Upon arrival in the laboratory, the sample was filtered (0.45 mm; Gelman Science, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and stored at 4°C in the dark until use. This technique was used for all toxicity tests with D. magna and for two tests with P. subcapitata. The second technique consisted of concentrating in situ approximately 1,000 L of water to a volume of approximately 20 L using reverse osmosis. This technique was used for all tests with rainbow trout and six tests with P. subcapitata. The technique was considered the most practical in order to obtain the large quantities of water needed for the chronic tests with rainbow trout. Upon arrival in the laboratory, the sample was stored at 4°C in darkness. In order to use the sample for testing, the concentrated sample was diluted with deionized water to obtain the DOC concentration originally present in the natural surface water. As Ca and Mg were replaced with Na during the reverse osmosis process, the Ca and Mg concentrations of the diluted sample were readjusted to obtain the Ca and Mg levels measured in the original water sample using reagent-grade CaCl2 or MgCl2. We have previously demonstrated that this method yields very similar water chemistry in the reconstituted water as compared with the original water. Furthermore, tests with diluted reverse-osmosis concentrates and original water have been demonstrated to yield identical copper and zinc toxicity to D. magna and P. subcapitata.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Surface waters were spiked with different Zn concentrations and, before testing, the spiked samples were allowed to equilibrate for 2 d to obtain near-equilibrium zinc speciation. For all tests with P. subcapitata (except Markermeer), for most chronic tests with D. magna (except Markermeer, Rhine, and Voyon), and for the rainbow trout test with Bihain water, 750 mg/L 3-N-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid was added as a pH buffer. Zinc and copper toxicity have been demonstrated not to be affected by the presence of 3-N-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Daphnia magna <24 h old were used as test organism. Feeding with 8, 16, and 24 x 10E6 cells/d of Pseudokircheneriella subcapitata and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a 3:1 mixture (on a cell-number basis) was provided in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks of the test, respectively.
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- 6.0 - 8.4
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 50-ml polyethylene vessels
- fill volume: 50-ml
- Aeration: no
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: 6 natural water and 1 synthetic water samples
- Dissolved organic carbon: 0.3 - 17.3 mg/L
- Chlorine: 15 - 318 mg/L
- Alkalinity: 6.9 - 165 mg CaCO3/L
- Intervals of water quality measurement: start of test, pH daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: N-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid was added as a pH buffer
- Photoperiod: 12:12 (light:dark)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
21-d NOEC, 21-d EC10, 21-d EC50
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Remarks:
- pH 6.8, DOC 17.3 mg/L, Ca 38.3 mg/L
- Effect conc.:
- 536 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Remarks:
- pH 7.3, DOC 2.53 mg/L, Ca 5 mg/L
- Effect conc.:
- 112 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- pH 6.0, DOC 5.37 mg/L, Ca 3.7 mg/L
- Effect conc.:
- 62.6 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- pH 6.8, DOC 17.3 mg/L, Ca 38.3 mg/L
- Effect conc.:
- 491 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- A large variation of physico-chemical characteristics important for zinc bioavailability was observed in the tested waters, i.e., dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concnetration between 2.48 and 22.9 mg/L, pH between 5.7 and 8.4, Ca between 1.51 and 80.2 mg/L, Mg between 0.79 and 18.4 mg/L, and Na between 3.8 and 116 mg/L. For D. magna, the variation in chronic toxicity was up to a factor of 7, as indicated by 21-d EC10s (between 59.2 and 387 mg Zn/L) and 21-d EC50s (between 112 and 536 mg Zn/L).
- Conclusions:
- Both inorganic and organic Zn complexation reduces Zn2+ activity and thus also reduce toxicity. Inorganic complexation (i. e. ZnCO3) is relatively straightforward, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) vary much in their zinc-binding characteristics. Therefore, for unknown samples, it is suggested to assume that the DOM consists of a fixed fraction of chemically active fulvic acid, i.e., 61%, which is the mean of optimal %AFA of the five abovementioned samples with which Zn titration studies were performed.
- Executive summary:
Zinc toxicity to Daphnia magna was evaluated in a series of experiments with spiked natural surface waters. The eight selected freshwater samples had varying levels of bioavailability modifying parameters: pH (5.7–8.4), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 2.48–22.9 mg/L), Ca (1.5–80 mg/L), Mg (0.79–18 mg/L), and Na (3.8–120 mg/L). In those waters, chronic zinc toxicity (expressed as 50% effective concentrations [EC50]) varied up to 5-fold for the D. magna (21 -d EC50 from 112 to 536 mg Zn/L). Both inorganic and organic Zn complexation reduces Zn2+ activity and thus also reduce toxicity. Inorganic complexation (i. e. ZnCO3) is relatively straightforward, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) vary much in their zinc-binding characteristics. Therefore, for unknown samples, it is suggested to assume that the DOM consists of a fixed fraction of chemically active fulvic acid, i.e., 61%, which is the mean of optimal %AFA of the five abovementioned samples with which Zn titration studies were performed.
Reference
DOC
The percentage of Zn calculated to be bound to DOC in natural waters varied between 5 and 89%. A general pattern is that, at lower Zn concentrations, more Zn tends to be complexed to DOC.
Alkalinity
ZnCO3 accounted in some cases for more than 10% of the dissolved zinc, notably in those test waters with the highest levels of alkalinity and pH.
Table 5.Physico-chemistry and effect concentrations of zinc(µg/L as dissolved) obtained for the toxicityassays in natural waterwithDaphnia magna(numbersbetween parentheses are 95%confidence limits)a |
|||||||||||||
Water |
pH |
DOCb(mg/L) |
Ca(mg L) |
Mg(mg L) |
Na(mg L) |
K(mg L) |
SO4(mg L) |
Cl(mg L) |
Alkalinityc |
21-d NOEC |
21-d EC10 |
21-d EC50 |
% Zn-DOCd |
Synthetic |
7.2 |
0.3e |
80.2 |
12.2 |
17.7 |
3.0 |
48.0 |
73.8 |
33.2 |
155 |
196(150-256) |
299 (249-358) |
2-3 |
Ankeveen |
6.8 |
17.3 |
38.3 |
6.5 |
17.4 |
6.1 |
127 |
50.0 |
12.3 |
491 |
387 (319-460) |
536 (497-579) |
35-56 |
Bihain |
6.0 |
5.37 |
3.7 |
1.1 |
6.2 |
0.9 |
4.0 |
15.0 |
6.9 |
62.6 |
NCf |
NC |
42-50 |
Brisy |
7.3 |
2.53 |
5.0 |
3.4 |
8.8 |
2.1 |
9.5 |
23.0 |
13.6 |
94.5 |
92.7 (81.3-105) |
112 (84-151) |
30-50 |
Markermeer |
8.0 |
7.49 |
52.7 |
14.0 |
87.3 |
8.7 |
109 |
318 |
127 |
244 |
171 (129-227) |
313 (273-359) |
15-60 |
Regge |
8.0 |
9.87 |
60.1 |
8.0 |
52.9 |
10.4 |
63.0 |
144 |
165 |
251 |
265 (171-413) |
473 (399-561) |
NP-69 |
Rhine |
8.2 |
2.30 |
61.0 |
10.7 |
55.4 |
5.0 |
57.0 |
215 |
159 |
143 |
126 (92-175) |
242 (209-279) |
5-33 |
Voyon |
8.4 |
4.17 |
37.1 |
7.1 |
10.0 |
1.3 |
20.0 |
21 |
125 |
72.7 |
59.2 (30.1-116) |
171 (130-226) |
15-68 |
a NOEC =no-observed-effect concentration; EC10 and EC50 are the 10 and 50% effective concentrations, respectively. b DOC =dissolved organic carbon. c Alkalinity as mg CaCO3/L. d The range of dissolved Zn present as complexed to DOC, calculated using theBiotic Ligand Model software at the 48-h EC50and the 21-d EC10assumingthe averageactive fulvic acid of 61%. e Approximate background DOC concentration in deionized water used for preparing this synthetic test water. f NC =could not be calculated due to insufficient number of tested Zn concentrations resulting in a significant effect. g NP =test not performed. |
Description of key information
There is no data available for the target substance zinc glucoheptonate on long-term toxicity towards aquatic invertebrates. However, there is data available for different zinc compounds. Since the ecotoxicity of zinc glucoheptonate is driven by zinc ion, this data is used within a frame of a weight-of-evidence approach to assess the toxicity of zinc glucoheptonate.
Chronic effect-concentrations of zinc on Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia were found in literature. The values were converted to the target substance ZnGHA (table 1).
De Schamphelaere et al., 2005
Zinc toxicity to Daphnia magna was evaluated in a series of experiments with spiked natural surface waters. The eight selected freshwater samples had varying levels of bioavailability modifying parameters: pH (5.7–8.4), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 2.48–22.9 mg/L), Ca (1.5–80 mg/L), Mg (0.79–18 mg/L), and Na (3.8–120 mg/L). In those waters, chronic zinc toxicity (expressed as 50% effective concentrations [EC50]) varied up to 5-fold for the D. magna (21 -d EC50 from 112 to 536 mg Zn/L). Both inorganic and organic Zn complexation reduces Zn2+ activity and thus also reduce toxicity. Inorganic complexation (i. e. ZnCO3) is relatively straightforward, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) vary much in their zinc-binding characteristics.
Muyssen and Janssen, 2002
In this study, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was acclimated for 10 generations to four zinc concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 µg Zn/L and changes in zinc tolerance were monitored using chronic (9 days) assays. The chronic test results indicate that organisms acclimated to 50 and 100 µg Zn/L performed better (survival and reproduction). The reproduction and survival of organisms acclimated to 3 and 13 µg Zn/L was significantly lower than those acclimated to higher zinc concentrations. It can be concluded that culturing test animals in media lacking trace metals such as zinc could give rise to animals that are unnaturally sensitive to those same metals during toxicity tests.
Conclusion
The chronic EC50(21 d)-values for D. magna range between 0.71 mg ZnGHA/L and 3.38 mg ZnGHA/L and the NOEC lies between 0.4 and 3.1 mg ZnGHA/L (De Schamphelaere et al., 2005). This variation is explained by the protective effect of Na and DOC. Both concentrations are higher in the sample with the lower EC. In addition, the pH is decreased. pH has been shown to reduce zinc toxicity to D. magna, significantly (De Schamphelaere et al., 2005). The EC50-values obtained by Muyssen and Janssen (2002), converted to ZnGHA range between 2.23 and 3.09 mg ZnGHA/L. The chronic test results indicate that organisms acclimated to 50 and 100 µg Zn/L performed better (survival and reproduction), than organisms acclimated to lower concentrations of Zinc (3 and 13 µg Zn/L).
Table 1: Effect concentration (EC)-values from studies performed with elemental zinc (Zn2+) converted to ZnGHA
Species |
Duration of exposure |
Dose descriptor |
Basis for effect |
elemental Zn in source substance [µg/L] |
ZnGHA (75%) [mg/L] |
Impact |
Reference |
D. magna |
21 d |
EC50 |
reproduction |
536 |
3.38 |
pH 6.8, DOC 17.3 mg/L, Ca 38.3 mg/L |
De Schamphelaere et al., 2005 |
D. magna |
21 d |
EC50 |
reproduction |
112 |
0.71 |
pH 7.3, DOC 2.53 mg/L, Ca 5 mg/L |
|
D. magna |
21 d |
NOEC |
reproduction |
0.062 |
0.40 |
pH 6.0, DOC 5.37 mg/L, Ca 3.7 mg/L |
|
D. magna |
21 d |
NOEC |
reproduction |
0.491 |
3.10 |
pH 6.8, DOC 17.3 mg/L, Ca 38.3 mg/L |
|
C. dubia |
9 d |
EC50 |
mortality |
354 |
2.23 |
acclimation to 3 µg Zn/L for 10 generations |
Muyssen and Janssen 2002 |
C. dubia |
9 d |
EC50 |
mortality |
387 |
2.44 |
acclimation to 13 µg Zn/L for 10 generations |
|
C. dubia |
9 d |
EC50 |
mortality |
449 |
2.83 |
acclimation to 50 µg Zn/L for 10 generations |
|
C. dubia |
9 d |
EC50 |
mortality |
489 |
3.09 |
acclimation to 100 µg Zn/L for 10 generations |
|
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 3.1 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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