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EC number: 231-388-1 | CAS number: 7526-26-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2013-04-15 - 2013-05-24
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- GLP
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- The Department of Health of the Government of the United Kingdom
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- The pH was measured at initiation of the experiment and after the exposure time. The temperature within the incubator was recorded daily. Samples of the control as well as of each test group were taken at 0 and 72 hours for quantitative analysis.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- CULTURE MEDIUM
25.5 mg/L NaNO3, 12.16 mg/L MgCl2 x 6H2O, 4.41 mg/L CaCl2 x 2H2O, 14.6 mg/L MgSO4 x 7H2O, 1.044 mg/L K2HPO4, 15.0 mg/L NaHCO3, 0.186 mg/L H3BO3, 0.415 mg/L MnCl2 x 4H2O, 0.00327 mg/L ZnCl2, 0.160 mg/L FeCl3 x 6H2O, 0.00143 mg/L CoCl2 x 6H2O, 0.00726 mg/L Na2MoO4 x 2H2O, 0.000012 mg/L CuCl2 x 2H2O, 0.30 mg/L Na2EDTA x 2H2O
For preparation reverse osmosis purified deionized water (Elga Optima 15+ or Elga Purelab Option R-15 BP) was used and the pH was adjusted to 7.5 +/- 0.1 with 0.1 N NaOH or HCl. - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Strain: CCAP 278/4
- Source: Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), SAMS Research Services Ltd, Scottisch Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation period described.
- Hardness:
- No details available.
- Test temperature:
- 24 +/- 1 °C
- pH:
- Control: 7.5 (start) - 8.0 (end)
1.0 mg/L: 7.4 (start) - 7.9 (end)
3.2 mg/L: 7.4 (start) - 7.9 (end)
10 mg/L: 7.3 (start) - 7.8 (end)
32 mg/L: 7.3 (start) - 7.7 (end)
100 mg/L: 7.2 (start) - 7.6 (end) - Dissolved oxygen:
- No details available.
- Salinity:
- Not applicable.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250 mL glass conical flasks
- Type: closed
- Fill volume: 100 mL
- Initial cells density: 5 x 10E3 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration: 3 replicates
- No. of vessels per control: 6 replicates
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination (approx. 7000 lux)
- Light intensity and quality: warm white lighting (380 - 730 nm)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Determination of cell concentrations: Coulter Multisizer Particle Counter
RANGE FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: 0, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: No effect was observed at test concentration of 0.10 and 1.0 mg/L. However, growth was observed to be reduced at 10 and 100 mg/L. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 3.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 5.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 15 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CL: 12 - 19 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 7.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 7.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- No abnormalities in the control and test cultures were detected after 72 hours at the test concentrations of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/L. Few intact cells and cell debris was observed to be present in the test cultures at 10 and 32 mg/L whilst almost no intact cells were observed in the 100 mg/L test cultures.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - ErC50(72h): 1.2 mg/L; 95 % CL: 1.0 - 1.3 mg/L / NOECr: 0.25 mg/L / LOECr: 0.50 mg/L
- EyC50(72h): 0.52 mg/L; 95 % CL: 0.45 - 0.62 mg/L / NOECy: 0.25 mg/L / LOECr: 0.50 mg/L
These results were within the normal ranges for the reference substance potassium dichromate. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - One way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett´s test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981)
- Dunnett´s multiple comparison procedure (Dunnett, 1955) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- All validity criteria of the applied test guideline were met.
- Conclusions:
- The report describes a valid guideline study conducted under certificated GLP compliance. The obtained 72h-ErC50 value (15 mg/L) leads to a certain toxicity concern of the test substance towards freshwater algae.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of Diphenyl methylphosphonate (DPP) towards freshwater algae was investigated according to OECD Guideline 201 / EU Method C.3 using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as test organism (Vryenhoef, 2013). Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata is an important non-target organism in freshwater ecosystems since it is a representative of primary producers found in natural waters. After a preliminary range-finding test, the substance concentrations for the definitive test were chosen as: 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L (3 replicates per concentration). The test substance was heated to 50 °C (in order to aid weighing) and afterwards dissolved in culture medium with the aid of ultrasonication. The concentration and stability of the test substance in the preparations as well as the pH values were verified by chemical analysis at the beginning and termination of the experiment. The temperature within the incubator was recorded daily. Analytical investigations were performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) using an external standard. The validity of the analytical procedure was confirmed by spiked recovery samples (test medium were spiked with the test substance and recovery was assessed). The initial cell density was 5 x 10E3 cells/mL. The test flasks were plugged with polyurethane foam bungs and incubated at 24 +/- 1 °C under continuous illumination (approx. 7000 lux) and constantly shaken at approx. 150 rpm for the exposure period of 72 hours. A control group (six replicates) was maintained under identical conditions but not exposed to the test substance. Samples of the algal population were removed daily and cell concentrations were determined for each culture group using a Coulter® Multisizer Particle Counter. Potassium dichromate served as reference substance, giving the following results: ErC50(72h): 1.2 mg/L (95 % CL: 1.0 – 1.3 mg/L) and EbC50(72h): 0.52 mg/L (95 % CL: 0.45 – 0.62 mg/L) with corresponding NOECs of 0.25 mg/L and LOECs of 0.50 mg/L. These results were within the normal ranges. All cultures were inspected microscopically after the exposure period. No abnormalities were detected in the control and test cultures of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/L, however few intact cells and cell debris was observed at 10 and 32 mg/L. Almost no intact cells were observed in the 100 mg/L cultures. All cultures were observed to be clear colorless solutions at the start of the experiment. The controls as well as the 1.0 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L cultures were observed to be green dispersions after 72 hours. Statistical analysis was carried out using one way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett´s test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) and Dunnett´s multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control (Dunnet, 1955). Based on the inhibition of growth rate, the following results were reported: ErC10(72h): 3.1 mg/L, ErC20(72h): 5.6 mg/L and ErC50(72h): 15 mg/L (with 95 % CL: 12 – 19 mg/L). Taken into account the inhibition of yield, the results are as followed: EyC10(72h): 7.1 mg/L, EyC20(72h): 7.5 mg/L and EyC50(72h): 8.4 mg/L (these data did not fit the models available for the calculation of confidence limits). The corresponding No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) is 3.2 mg/L for each method of approach. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) was found as 10 mg/L. All validation criteria of the applied guideline were met.
Reference
Table 1. Cell densities and percentage inhibition of growth - Range finding test
Cell Densities (cells per mL) |
Inhibition Values (%) |
||||
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
0 Hours |
72 Hours |
Growth Rate |
Yield |
|
Control |
R1 |
6.77E+03 |
5.41E+05 |
|
|
|
R2 |
6.46E+03 |
6.27E+05 |
- |
- |
|
Mean |
6.62E+03 |
5.84E+05 |
|
|
0.10 |
R1 |
6.69E+03 |
6.37E+05 |
|
|
|
R2 |
5.66E+03 |
5.83E+05 |
[3] |
[5] |
|
Mean |
6.18E+03 |
6.10E+05 |
|
|
1.0 |
R1 |
6.72E+03 |
7.13E+05 |
|
|
|
R2 |
5.14E+03 |
3.28E+05 |
0 |
11 |
|
Mean |
5.93E+03 |
5.20E+05 |
|
|
10 |
R1 |
5.76E+03 |
7.22E+04 |
|
|
|
R2 |
5.71E+03 |
7.33E+04 |
44 |
88 |
|
Mean |
5.74E+03 |
7.28E+04 |
|
|
100 |
R1 |
6.32E+03 |
9.33E+03 |
|
|
|
R2 |
5.81E+03 |
8.24E+03 |
92 |
100 |
Table 2. Cell density and pH values - Definitive test
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
pH |
Cell Densities (cells per mL) |
pH |
||||
0 h |
0 h |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
72 h |
||
Control |
R1 |
7.5 |
5.15E+03 |
2.20E+04 |
1.14E+05 |
6.32E+05 |
8.0 |
R2 |
5.17E+03 |
2.45E+04 |
1.65E+05 |
9.74E+05 |
|||
R3 |
5.01E+03 |
2.90E+04 |
1.29E+05 |
8.75E+05 |
|||
R4 |
4.61E+03 |
2.47E+04 |
1.28E+05 |
8.03E+05 |
|||
R5 |
4.94E+03 |
2.77E+04 |
1.56E+05 |
8.31E+05 |
|||
R6 |
4.70E+03 |
2.39E+04 |
1.55E+05 |
8.50E+05 |
|||
Mean |
4.93E+03 |
2.53E+04 |
1.41E+05 |
8.27E+05 |
|||
1.0 |
R1 |
7.4 |
4.75E+03 |
2.64E+04 |
1.63E+05 |
7.66E+05 |
7.9 |
R2 |
4.91E+03 |
3.01E+04 |
1.30E+05 |
9.24E+05 |
|||
R3 |
4.99E+03 |
2.80E+04 |
1.38E+05 |
6.35E+05 |
|||
Mean |
4.89E+03 |
2.82E+04 |
1.44E+05 |
7.75E+05 |
|||
3.2 |
R1 |
7.4 |
5.39E+03 |
3.07E+04 |
1.87E+05 |
9.09E+05 |
7.9 |
R2 |
4.75E+03 |
2.81E+04 |
1.70E+05 |
1.06E+06 |
|||
R3 |
5.25E+03 |
2.89E+04 |
1.14E+05 |
6.95E+05 |
|||
Mean |
5.13E+03 |
2.92E+04 |
1.57E+05 |
8.87E+05 |
|||
10 |
R1 |
7.3 |
5.74E+03 |
2.10E+04 |
5.62E+04 |
1.00E+05 |
7.8 |
R2 |
4.91E+03 |
2.32E+04 |
5.01E+04 |
8.32E+04 |
|||
R3 |
4.64E+03 |
1.72E+04 |
4.43E+04 |
9.03E+04 |
|||
Mean |
5.10E+03 |
2.05E+04 |
5.02E+04 |
9.12E+04 |
|||
32 |
R1 |
7.3 |
4.94E+03 |
1.47E+04 |
1.49E+04 |
1.93E+04 |
7.7 |
R2 |
5.39E+03 |
1.30E+04 |
1.51E+04 |
2.24E+04 |
|||
R3 |
5.89E+03 |
1.26E+04 |
1.52E+04 |
2.25E+04 |
|||
Mean |
5.41E+03 |
1.35E+04 |
1.51E+04 |
2.14E+04 |
|||
100 |
R1 |
7.2 |
6.02E+03 |
7.18E+03 |
9.94E+03 |
9.10E+03 |
7.6 |
R2 |
4.91E+03 |
6.85E+03 |
8.45E+03 |
9.70E+03 |
|||
R3 |
4.74E+03 |
7.50E+03 |
8.85E+03 |
8.24E+03 |
|||
Mean |
5.22E+03 |
7.18E+03 |
9.08E+03 |
9.01E+03 |
Table 3. Daily specific growth rates for the control cultures - Definitive test
|
Daily Specific Growth Rate (cells/mL/hour) |
|||
Day 0 - 1 |
Day 1 - 2 |
Day 2 - 3 |
||
Control |
R1 |
0.062 |
0.068 |
0.071 |
R2 |
0.066 |
0.079 |
0.074 |
|
R3 |
0.073 |
0.062 |
0.080 |
|
R4 |
0.067 |
0.069 |
0.076 |
|
R5 |
0.071 |
0.072 |
0.070 |
|
R6 |
0.065 |
0.078 |
0.071 |
|
Mean |
0.067 |
0.071 |
0.074 |
Table 4. Inhibition of growth rate and yield - Definitive test
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Growth Rate (cells/mL/hour) |
Yield (cells/mL) |
|||
0 - 72h |
% Inhibition |
0 - 72h |
%Inhibition |
||
Control |
R1 |
0.067 |
|
6.27E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.073 |
|
9.69E+05 |
|
|
R3 |
0.072 |
|
8.70E+05 |
|
|
R4 |
0.071 |
- |
7.99E+05 |
- |
|
R5 |
0.071 |
|
8.26E+05 |
|
|
R6 |
0.071 |
|
8.46E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.071 |
|
8.22E+05 |
|
|
SD |
0.002 |
|
1.12E+05 |
|
|
1.0 |
R1 |
0.070 |
1 |
7.61E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.072 |
[1] |
9.19E+05 |
|
|
R3 |
0.067 |
6 |
6.30E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.070 |
2 |
7.70E+05 |
6 |
|
SD |
0.003 |
|
1.45E+05 |
|
|
3.2 |
R1 |
0.072 |
[1] |
9.03E+05 |
|
R2 |
0.074 |
[4] |
1.05E+06 |
|
|
R3 |
0.069 |
3 |
6.90E+05 |
|
|
Mean |
0.072 |
[1] |
8.82E+05 |
[7] |
|
SD |
0.003 |
|
1.82E+05 |
|
|
10 |
R1 |
0.042 |
41 |
9.44E+04 |
|
R2 |
0.039 |
45 |
7.82E+04 |
|
|
R3 |
0.040 |
44 |
8.56E+04 |
|
|
Mean |
0.040 |
43 |
8.61E+04 |
90 |
|
SD |
0.002 |
|
8.09E+03 |
|
|
32 |
R1 |
0.019 |
73 |
1.44E+04 |
|
R2 |
0.021 |
70 |
1.70E+04 |
|
|
R3 |
0.021 |
70 |
1.66E+04 |
|
|
Mean |
0.020 |
71 |
1.60E+04 |
98 |
|
SD |
0.001 |
|
1.41E+03 |
|
|
100 |
R1 |
0.008 |
89 |
3.09E+03 |
|
R2 |
0.009 |
87 |
4.78E+03 |
|
|
R3 |
0.007 |
90 |
3.50E+03 |
|
|
Mean |
0.008 |
89 |
3.79E+03 |
100 |
|
SD |
0.001 |
|
8.84E+02 |
|
Description of key information
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata_OECD 201/EU Method C.3: ErC10(72h): 3.1 mg/L, ErC20(72h): 5.6 mg/L, ErC50(72h): 15 mg/L / EyC10(72h): 7.1 mg/L, EyC20(72h): 7.5 mg/L, EyC50(72h): 8.4 mg/L / NOEC(72h): 3.2 mg/L / LOEC(72h): 10 mg/L
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 15 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 3.1 mg/L
Additional information
The toxicity of Diphenyl methylphosphonate (DPP) towards freshwater algae was investigated according to OECD Guideline 201 / EU Method C.3 using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as test organism (Vryenhoef, 2013). Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata is an important non-target organism in freshwater ecosystems since it is a representative of primary producers found in natural waters. After a preliminary range-finding test, the substance concentrations for the definitive test were chosen as: 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L (3 replicates per concentration). The test substance was heated to 50 °C (in order to aid weighing) and afterwards dissolved in culture medium with the aid of ultrasonication. The concentration and stability of the test substance in the preparations as well as the pH values were verified by chemical analysis at the beginning and termination of the experiment. The temperature within the incubator was recorded daily. Analytical investigations were performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) using an external standard.The validity of the analytical procedure was confirmed by spiked recovery samples (test medium were spiked with the test substance and recovery was assessed). The initial cell density was 5 x 10E3 cells/mL. The test flasks were plugged with polyurethane foam bungs and incubated at 24 +/- 1 °C under continuous illumination (approx. 7000 lux) and constantly shaken at approx. 150 rpm for the exposure period of 72 hours. A control group (six replicates) was maintained under identical conditions but not exposed to the test substance. Samples of the algal population were removed daily and cell concentrations were determined for each culture group using a Coulter® Multisizer Particle Counter. Potassium dichromate served as reference substance, giving the following results: ErC50(72h): 1.2 mg/L (95 % CL: 1.0 – 1.3 mg/L) and EbC50(72h): 0.52 mg/L (95 % CL: 0.45 – 0.62 mg/L) with corresponding NOECs of 0.25 mg/L and LOECs of 0.50 mg/L. These results were within the normal ranges. All cultures were inspected microscopically after the exposure period. No abnormalities were detected in the control and test cultures of 1.0 and 3.2 mg/L, however few intact cells and cell debris was observed at 10 and 32 mg/L. Almost no intact cells were observed in the 100 mg/L cultures. All cultures were observed to be clear colorless solutions at the start of the experiment. The controls as well as the 1.0 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L cultures were observed to be green dispersions after 72 hours. Statistical analysis was carried out using one way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett´s test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) and Dunnett´s multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control (Dunnet, 1955). Based on the inhibition of growth rate, the following results were reported: ErC10(72h): 3.1 mg/L, ErC20(72h): 5.6 mg/L and ErC50(72h): 15 mg/L (with 95 % CL: 12 – 19 mg/L). Taken into account the inhibition of yield, the results are as followed: EyC10(72h): 7.1 mg/L, EyC20(72h): 7.5 mg/L and EyC50(72h): 8.4 mg/L (these data did not fit the models available for the calculation of confidence limits). The corresponding No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) is 3.2 mg/L for each method of approach. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) was found as 10 mg/L. All validation criteria of the applied guideline were met.
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