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EC number: 701-302-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- activated sludge nitrification inhibition testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Reliable study but not according to international guidelines
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The effect of boric acid in wastewater on nitrification was investigated in a continuous nitrification process in an aerobic upflow fixed bed reactor.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Fixed bed reactor with nitrifying organisms.
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Duration not relevant, could take several weeks before addaptation.
- Test temperature:
- 20-22 °C
- pH:
- 7,4 - 7,5
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations ranging from 128 - 1026 mg B/l
- Details on test conditions:
- The effect of boric acid in wastewater (128–1026 mg B/l) on nitrification was investigated at T = 20 °C, pH = 7,4 and at substrate concentrations of up to 70 mg/l NH4-N and NO2-N in batch experiments in the “Karlsruher Flasche”. In a continuous nitrification process in an aerobic upflow fixed bed reactor at T = 22 °C and pH = 7,5, 2 g NH4-N/m2/d were fed at a hydraulic retention time of 3 days.
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 500 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of nitrification rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Test duration not clear, but it could take some days for adaptation.
- Details on results:
- Boric acid inhibited nitrite formation, whereas the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate was stimulated. In the continuously run fixed bed reactor a nitrification efficiency of 99,5 % was achieved up to boric acid concentrations of 500 mg B/l. At a starting concentration of 200 mg/l NH4-N the NH4-N concentrations in the effluent were less than 1,0 mg/l. Approximately 0,2 mg/l NO2-N were found in the presence of boric acid, whereas more nitrite (1,0 mg/l NO2-N) was found in absence of boric acid. When 600 mg/l B were sup- plied, nitrification activity was reduced to 55%. The reactor recovered to 98% nitrification efficiency after 5–7 weeks, the total adaptation time for achieving complete nitrification at 700 mg/l B was more than 28 weeks. At boric acid concentrations higher than 700 mg/l B no stable nitrification could be achieved.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: peer-reviewed technical publication. method based on OECD method for COD. Acclimation period included in standard method.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD, 1971: Pollution by detergents. Determination of the biodegradability of anionic sunthetic surface active agents
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Verordnung uber die abbaubarkait von detergentien in wash- und reinigungslittlen, 1 sept 1962
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- the two tests provide a suitable standard model of an activated sludge treatment plant.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): perborate
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution(s) including control(s)):
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): - Test organisms (species):
- activated sludge
- Details on inoculum:
- - Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Activated sludge is devided equally between two plants. 2 plants were operated as per specification and half of the sludge or volume of waste water was exchanged daily between the two tanks until both showed > 80% BMAS reduction and a satisfactory sludge density (2g/l TM).
- Pretreatment: plants are loaded with 125 or 250 mg/l of boiled perborate equivalent to 10 respectively 20 mg/l boron. The plant is then operated for two weeks before starting the two weeks evaluation period. - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 3 h
- pH:
- 7.4 (7.10-7.80)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 125 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L perborate
- Details on test conditions:
- SAMPLES
- 2 synchronously working plants:
* one fed with synthetic waste water to which 20 mg/l of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate was added.
* one loaded with increasing concentrations of boiled perborate. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- other: treatment plant performance
- Remarks on result:
- other: usable for PNEC-stp derivation
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- each series of measurements was studied by Kolmogorov-Smirnov for standard distribution.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- earlier version of OECD activated sludge was used and followed
- Conclusions:
- This study is a peer-reviewed technical publication. The study method is based on an OECD method for COD. The acclimation period is included in the standard method.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Unpublished Henkel KGaA
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not stated
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Entosiphon sulcatum
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Peer-reviewed technical publication. Data not presented.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Test organisms were exposed during 72h in petri dishes
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Entosiphon sulcatum
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations : 10, 15, 20, 50 and 110 mg B/l
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 15 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Peer-reviewed technical publication. Data not presented.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Test organisms were exposed during 72h in petri dishes
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Opercularia bimarginata
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations : 10, 15, 20, 50 and 110 mg B/l
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Peer-reviewed technical publication. Data not presented.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Test organisms were exposed during 72h in petri dishes
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Paramaecium caudatum
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations : 10, 15, 20, 50 and 110 mg B/l
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 25 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Endpoint:
- activated sludge respiration inhibition testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 209 (Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- TNO sample code of the reference substance was 97-0034-C and not 91-0002-B as stated in the protocol
The batch no. of the reference substance was D7, 060-0 and not 00410-055.
These deviations are assumed not to have affected the results of the study. - GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Water solubility (under test conditions): 4.7% at 20°C
- Purity: 99.9% - Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- a stock solution of the test substance was prepared by dissolving 1006 g of boric acid, manufacturing grade, in 500 ml of BOD dilution water
- The BOD dilution water was prepared according to NEN Standard N° 6634
- The synthetic sewage feed was prepared according to OECD guideline N° 209 - Test organisms (species):
- activated sludge
- Details on inoculum:
- - Culture: 20l of activated sludge was taken from an oxidation ditch situated at the district of Hazerswoude Dorp, The Netherlands.
- Preparation of inoculum: sample was centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. Activated sludge was washed three times by centrifugation (10 min at 2000 rpm = max 1218g) and resuspension in tap water twice and once in dilution water. Suspension was diluted to 4.9 g/l of MLSS by addition of dilution water aerated vigorously and kept at aprox 20°C in the dark. 50ml of synthetic sewage feed was added per litre of sludge suspension before the sludge was used the following day.
- Pretreatment: The dry weight was checked before commencement of the test and readjusted to a mixed liquor suspended solids level of 3.7 g/l - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 3 h
- Test temperature:
- 20 +/- 2°C
- pH:
- 7.5
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentrations: 0, 3.2, 10, 32, 100, 320 and 1001 mg/l.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: BOD bottle, volume 295 ml
- Aeration: vigorously during 10 minutes
INCUBATION
- Incubation of the samples was tarted at intervals of 15 minutes and the first and last sample were controls without the test substance.
- The suspensions were aerated vigorously and incubated at approx 20°C for exactly 3 hours.
- After 3h of incubation, a sample of each mixture was poured into a BOD bottle and stirred vigorously on a magnetic stirrer.
- An oxygen electrode was inserted into the sample and the oxygen concentration in the sample was continuously measured.
- The oxygen concentration was recorded every minute during a period of about 10 minutes.
MIXTURES PREPARING
- control mixture of 16ml synthetic sewage feed and 284 ml dilution water were prepared in one litre glass beakers.
- text mixtures were prepared by combining 16 ml synthetic sewage feed with the appropriate volumes of the test substance stock solutions and dilution water to a volume of 300 ml. the test was started by adding 200 ml of sludge suspension to the mixtures with and without test substance. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3,5-dichlorophenol
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 175 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: usable for PNEC-stp derivation. However this is unbounded value based on NOEC >=17.5 mg B/L
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 112 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence interval of 495-821 mg/l
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 35.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: preferred for PNEC-stp derivation. EC10 value calculated from original data
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 17.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Value used for PNEC in RAR
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes, within the range prescribed by OECD guideline 209
- Relevant effect levels: EC50 of 3,5-duchlorophenol was 11,5 mg/l with a 95% confidence interval of 6,3 - 21 mg/l - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- complies with GLP practice
- Conclusions:
- This study follows the OECD 209 guidelines and is well documented. Standard test methods reffered to in the relevant directive. No deviations from the test guideline have been detected. The study is rated as highly reliable in quality and is consistent with earlier tests of activated sludge. This is the preferred test for derivation of the PNEC stp.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well documented, standard guideline followed and GLP
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- DIN 38412-8 (Pseudomonas Zellvermehrungshemmtest)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - The test was carried out according to the definite version of DIN 38 412, part 8 of March 1991. As a control a concentration series of the test substance was tested without neutralization. The nutrient medium (0.5 g/L) was not used for dilution, due to an incorrect statement in the protocol.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- The substance was initially pre-registered as EC 286-925-2 and this was the information reported in the analytical reports. Only after REACH SID refinements, the substance was correctly identified as an UVCB and required a refined EC entry. For this reason, the existing EC 286-925-2&name identifiers are reported in the testing material & in the testing robust study summaries
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- The media were prepared from sterilized concentrated stock solutions in Milli-Q filtered water. The Milii-Q-filtered water was sterilized.
The test medium consists of 60 mg/L KH2PO4, 120 mg/L K2HPO4, 500 mg/L NaNO3, 2 g/L glucose (C6H1206.H2O), 200 mg/L MgSO4.7H2O and 0.05 mg/L Ferro (III)-citrate. - Test organisms (species):
- Pseudomonas putida
- Details on inoculum:
- - Laboratory culture: Gram negative bacteria (stam Berlin 33/2). Lyophilized culture (DSM 50026) supplied by the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikro-organismen, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany
- Preparation of inoculum for range finding test: a preculture was prepared with a suspension prepared from a stock culture and incubating this at 21 °C +/- 1 for 7h, after which time the optical density, measured in a disposable polystyrene cuvette with a 10 mm lightpath with a Pye Unicam PU 8600 spectrometer at 436 nm was 0.545. The preculture was diluted in fresh test medium until the bacteria suspension had an optical density of 0.421
- Preparation of inoculum for the growth inhibition test: a preculture was prepared by inoculating the medium with a suspension prepared from a stock culture with an optical density of 0.100 and incubating this at 21°C +/- 1 for 7h, after which time the optical density was 0.517. The preculture was diluted in fresh test medium until the bacteria suspension had an optical density of 0.418. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 17 h
- Test temperature:
- 21 +/- 0.5 °C
- pH:
- pH of control test solution: 7.3-7.6
pH of test solutions with test substance without neutralisation: 4.2-7.8
pH of neutralised test solutions: 5.3-7.6 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- - Nominal, neutralised substance: control, 100, 320, 1000, 1800, 3200, 5600 and 10000 mg/L
- Nominal, acidic substance: control, 100, 180, 320, 560, 720 and 1000 - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Stock solution: prepared by dispersing 5.29 g in 240 g test medium without neutralization. An aliquot of this stock solution (141.8 g) was neutralized (pH 7.2) with about 3.4 g of a one molar NaOH solution and made up to 284 ml with test medium
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1 flask per concentration + one control
- Incubation: all flasks were incubated (17h) in a Gallenkamp orbital shaker at 21 +/- 0.5 °C
TEST MEDIUM
- The media were prepared from sterilized concentrated stock solutions in Milli-Q filtered water. The Milli-Q-filtered water was sterilized.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: neutralized (pH 5.3 - 7.6) or acidic (pH 4.2 - 7.8)
- The optical density of the control culture was 0.042 for the neutralized test substance, and 0.046 for the acidic test substance.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study: carried out according to a simplified version of the procedures described in the German standard method DIN 38 412, part 8 (ref 4.1). 200ml conical test flasks were covered with silicone sponge caps, autoclaved and coded.
- Test concentrations range finding test: bacterial growth was completely inhibited above a concentration of 100 mg/L for the acidic test solutions, and 1000 mg/L for the neutralized test solution. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 1 050 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: neutral conditions
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 350 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: neutralised
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: neutralised
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 190 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: acidic conditions
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 240 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: acidic
- Duration:
- 17 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 180 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth inhibition
- Remarks on result:
- other: acidic
- Details on results:
- - concentrations were not determined by chemical analysis
- At the end of the test the pH of the controls without bacteria remained stable throughout the test. With neutralized test substance the pH in the presence of bacteria decreased from about pH 7.0 to pH 5.3, indicating that the inhibition was probably caused by this decrease in pH. The growth of the bacteria in the acidic test solutions was clearly inhibited by the low pH values (4.2 - 4.8). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- the mean value of the optical density of the three cultures at each concentration was calculated. The values were determined graphically from the concentration-effect curve.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The toxicity of the test substance to the bacterium Pseudomonas putida was determined in a growth inhibition test. The EC10 with respect to bacterial growth after 17h was found to be 1.05 g/L for the neutralized test substance and 0.19 g/L for the acidic test substance.
- Endpoint:
- activated sludge respiration inhibition testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Relevant study for activated sludge
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Warburg oxygen uptake measurements were conducted to evaluate the effect boron would have on the respiration rate of a municipal activated sludge.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- activated sludge of a predominantly domestic sewage
- Details on inoculum:
- - Origin : Marlborough Westerly Municipal Treatment Plant in Massachusetts.
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 h
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations : 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
-The activated sludge had a suspended solids level of 3400 mg/l. - Duration:
- 7 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
Referenceopen allclose all
LOEC: 120 mg B/L
3 h NOEC: 17.5 mg/L, but calcultaed without any statistical method
Description of key information
A GLP conform study on the effect of this UVCB on growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida resulted in EC10 values of 1050 and 190 mg test material/L for neutralised and acidic test solutions, respective bacterium Pseudomonas putida resulted in EC10 values of 1050 and 190 mg test material/L for neutralised and acidic test solutions, respectively.
In addition, there is extensive information on the toxicity of boron to
microorganism in STP, i.e.
- 3 respiration studies using activated sludge, showing NOEC between
17.5 and 300 mg B/L,
- 1 nitrification study in a fixed bed reactor, showing no effect up to
500 mg B/L, and
- 3 studies of growth of protozoans relevant for the functioning of
STPs, show NOEC data between 10 and 20 mg B/L.
Therefore, it was decided to base the PNECstp on the lowest NOEC from
the available toxicity data for B. The lowest NOEC for the protozoan
Opercularia bimarginata on growth is 10 mg B/L (Guhl. 2000). Since the
studies of STP functioning showed no adverse effects at higher
concentrations, no additional assessment factor was used, therefore
resulting in a PNECstp of 10 mg B/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for microorganisms:
- 10 mg/L
Additional information
A GLP conform study on the effect of this UVCB on growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida resulted in EC10 values of 1050 and 190 mg test material/L for neutralised and acidic test solutions, respectively.
Several data are available for the effect of boron on micoorganisms. Different test methods are available to derive a PNEC for sewage treatment plants (STPs). Preferred methods are tests which use activated sludge and measure functional endpoints, for example, oxygen consumption or nitrification. Less preferred, but still acceptable are studies of effects on sludge micro-organisms, for example protozoans.
7.4.1.1 Respiration Inhibition.Three tests of sludge respiration are available. Hansvelt and Schoonmade (2002) tested the effect of boric acid on sludge respiration according to the OECD 209 guidelines. The purpose of this guideline is to provide a rapid screening method, which is not designed to derive EC10 values. Hansvelt and Schoonmade reported an EC20 of 112 mg B/L (95% CI 87 to 144 mg B/L), and an unbounded EC50 which exceed the maximum exposure of 175 mg B/L. Actual inhibition at the maximum exposure was 24%. They reported a NOEC of 17.5 mg B/L and LOEC of 56 mg B/L, although this may not be based on a statistical measure as the systems were not replicated..
Gerike et al. (1976) evaluated methylene blue activity reductions (MBAS test) and COD reduction (OECD, 1971) and reported that addition of 20 mg B/L had no adverse effects on a model STP. In fact, MBAS and COD removal was enhanced by boron relative to controls. No higher boron concentrations were tested. The actual substance tested was a sodium perborate which had been boiled to remove oxygen.
Webber et al. (1977) conducted Warburg oxygen uptake measurements to evaluate the effect boron would have on the respiration rate of a municipal activated sludge. They found a NOEC of 100 mg B/L. In later work, they observed no difference in COD removal in laboratory-scale activated sludge plants operating with 0, 100 or 300 mg B/L.
7.4.1.2 Nitrification efficiency. Effects of boron on nitrifying microorganisms are reported by Buchheister & Winter (2003). This study shows that in a continuously run fixed bed reactor a nitrification efficiency of 99,5% wasachieved up to boric acid concentrations of 500 mg B/l. At a starting concentration of 200 mg/L NH4-N the NH4-Nconcentrations in the effluent were less than 1,0mg/l. However, when 600 mg/L B was supplied, nitrification activity was reduced to 55%.
7.4.1.3 Micro-organism toxicity. Toxicity data on protozoans (ciliates and flagellates) which are relevant for STP show NOECs between 10 and 20 mg/L (Guhl 2000). The protozoans for which toxicity data are available on the growth inhibition areEntosiphon sulcatum, Paramecium caudatumandOpercularia bimarginata. These protozoans have been found in activated sludge from sewage treatment plants in Brazil, France, Germany and Spain(Amann et al. 1998, Motta et al. 1998 and Pérez-Uz et al. 2010).
7.4.1.4 STP data. Monitoring data from studies on a pilot-scale plant indicate that once microorganisms have been adapted to the presence of boron they can tolerate boron at a concentration of at least 3 mg B/L (Umweltbundesamt BE121, 2000). The measured arithmetic average influent concentrations were 3.0 mg B/L (min. 1.6; max. 4.9 mg B/L) in unfiltered samples collected after primary treatment. The function (nitrogen and carbon - removal) of the pilot-scale plant was not affected. Unfortunately, boron data for full-scale plants which include good performance data are missing. Zessner et al. (2003) monitored average boron concentrations in the effluent of two Austrian full-scale STPs. The average concentration was 1.31 mg B/L for STP1 and 0.78 mg B/L for STP2. ECETOC (1997) reported influent and effluent concentrations between 0.27-0.78 and 0.39 -0.75 mg B/L. These studies do not permit conclusions about higher boron concentrations, but suggest that, under current use conditions, boron concentrations are below those seen for all the laboratory studies described above.
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