Resin acids and Rosin acids, hydrogenated, calcium salts

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

The test substance was not mutagenic in the Ames Test (OECD 471, GLP).

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2016-2017

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

(21 Jul 1997)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Water content: 1.3%
solid, off-white
storage in the refrigerator

Target gene:

his+ / trp+

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone induced rat liver S9 microsomal fraction

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

1st Experiment (Standard plate test with and without S9 mix): 0; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500 and 5000 μg/plate
2nd Experiment (Preincubation test with and without S9 mix): 0; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500 and 5000 μg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: acetone
The substance is insolble in water.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), 9-aminoacridine (AAC), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO)

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation

Standard plate test:
- Exposure duration: 48 – 72 hours

Preincubation test:
- Preincubation period: 20 min
- Exposure duration: 48 – 72 hours

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: decrease in the number of revertants, clearing or diminution of the background lawn, reduction in the titer

OTHER:
Titer determination: The titer was determined only in the experimental parts with S9 mix both for the negative controls (vehicle only) and for the two highest doses in all experiments.

Positive controls:

With S9 mix: 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), 2.5 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 98; 60 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA
Without S9 mix: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 5 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / TA 1535, TA 100; 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), 10 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / TA 98; 9-aminoacridine (AAC), 100 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / TA 1537; 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) (SIGMA, N-8141), 5 μg/plate, dissolved in DMSO / E. coli WP2 uvrA

Evaluation criteria:

Acceptance criteria:
Generally, the experiment is considered valid if the following criteria are met:
• The number of revertant colonies in the negative controls was within the range of the historical negative control data for each tester strain.
• The sterility controls revealed no indication of bacterial contamination.
• The positive control substances both with and without S9 mix induced a distinct increase in the number of revertant colonies within the range of the historical positive control data or above.
• Fresh bacterial culture containing approximately 10^9 cells per mL were used. For approval the titer of viable bacteria was ≥ 10^8 colonies per mL.

Assessment criteria:
The test substance is considered positive in this assay if the following criteria are met:
• A dose-related and reproducible increase in the number of revertant colonies, i.e. about doubling of the spontaneous mutation rate in at least one tester strain either without S9 mix or after adding a metabolizing system.

A test substance is generally considered non-mutagenic in this test if:
• The number of revertants for all tester strains were within the historical negative control range under all experimental conditions in at least two experiments carried out independently of each other.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: Test substance precipitation was found from about 100 μg/plate onward with and without S9 mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: yes

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: A weak bacteriotoxic effect was occasionally observed depending on the strain and test conditions from about 1000 μg/plate onward.

Standard plate incorporation assay with metabolic activation

Strain	Test group	Dose (ug/plate)	Mean revertants per plate	standard deviation	Factor	Individual revertant colony counts
TA 1535	Acetone	-	9.7	2.3	-	7, 11, 11
	Test item	33	10.0	2.6	1.0	12, 11, 7
		100	8.3	4.0	0.9	13 P, 6 P, 6 P
		333	10.3	4.0	1.1	8 P, 15 P, 8 P
		1000	9.0	1.0	0.9	8 P, 9 P, 10 P
		2500	12.0	2.6	1.2	11 P, 15 P, 10 P
		5000	7.7	2.1	0.8	7 P, 10 P, 6 P
	2-AA	2.5	293.7	52.6	30.4	303, 237, 341
TA 100	Acetone	-	93.0	10.6	-	89, 85, 105
	Test item	33	86.3	4.9	0.9	84, 92, 83
		100	93.7	10.6	1.0	105 P, 84 P, 92 P
		333	90.3	3.8	1.0	92 P, 86 P, 93 P
		1000	92.7	11.4	1.0	80 P, 102 P, 96 P
		2500	84.3	1.5	0.9	86 P, 84 P, 83 P
		5000	70.3	9.7	0.8	68 P, 62 P, 81 P
	2-AA	2.5	1637.0	88.8	17.6	1553, 1628, 1730
TA 1537	Acetone	-	7.0	1.7	-	8, 5, 8
	Test item	33	5.7	1.2	0.8	5, 7, 5
		100	7.3	4.7	1.0	11 P, 9 P, 2 P
		333	6.0	1.0	0.9	5 P, 6 P, 7 P
		1000	5.7	1.2	0.8	5 P, 5 P, 7 P
		2500	5.0	2.0	0.7	5 P, 7 P, 3 P
		5000	4.3	2.5	0.6	7 P, 2 P, 4 P
	2-AA	2.5	91.3	12.7	13.0	106, 85, 83
TA 98	Acetone	-	25.3	4.7	-	27, 29, 20
	Test item	33	23.0	6.6	0.9	24, 29, 16
		100	31.0	9.2	1.2	39 P, 21 P, 33 P
		333	26.7	7.1	1.1	19 P, 28 P, 33 P
		1000	17.7	3.8	0.7	15 P, 22 P, 16 P
		2500	16.7	4.6	0.7	22 P, 14 P, 14 P
		5000	14.7	1.2	0.6	14 P, 14 P, 16 P
	2-AA	2.5	1225.0	73.8	48.4	1307, 1164, 1204
E. coli	Acetone	-	28.0	7.5	-	29, 35, 20
	Test item	33	25.7	8.6	0.9	24, 18, 35
		100	26.0	5.3	0.9	24 P, 22 P, 32 P
		333	29.7	8.5	1.1	30 P, 21 P, 38 P
		1000	23.3	2.1	0.8	25 P, 24 P, 21 P
		2500	19.7	3.1	0.7	23 P, 19 P, 17 P
		5000	17.7	3.5	0.6	18 P, 21 P, 14 P
	2-AA	60	141.3	14.5	5.0	132, 134, 158

Standard plate incorporation test without metabolic activation

Strain	Test group	Dose (ug/plate)	Mean revertants per plate	standard deviation	Factor	Individual revertant colony counts
TA 1535	Acetone	-	8.0	1.7	-	6, 9, 9
	Test item	33	10.0	1.7	1.3	12, 9, 9
		100	8.7	2.3	1.1	10 P, 6 P, 10 P
		333	12.0	1.0	1.5	13 P, 12 P, 11 P
		1000	9.7	1.2	1.2	11 P, 9 P, 9 P
		2500	6.3	0.6	0.8	6 P, 6 P, 7 P
		5000	7.0	1.0	0.9	8 P, 7 P, 6 P
	MNNG	5.0	3818.3	106.8	477.3	3920, 3707, 3828
TA 100	Acetone	-	83.7	3.5	-	84, 80, 87
	Test item	33	96.0	10.4	1.1	84, 103, 101
		100	89.3	9.7	1.1	87 P, 100 P, 81 P
		333	82.3	5.0	1.0	77 P, 87 P, 83 P
		1000	78.3	7.8	0.9	72 P, 87 P, 76 P
		2500	86.7	8.4	1.0	92 P, 91 P, 77 P
		5000	88.7	13.4	1.1	83 P, 104 P, 79 P
	MNNG	5.0	3511.3	90.4	42.0	3560, 3567, 3407
TA 1537	Acetone	-	6.7	1.2	-	6, 8, 6
	Test item	33	9.3	3.5	1.4	9, 6, 13
		100	5.0	1.0	0.8	5 P, 6 P, 4 P
		333	6.0	1.0	0.9	5 P, 6 P, 7 P
		1000	5.7	0.6	0.9	6 P, 6 P, 5 P
		2500	4.3	0.6	0.7	4 P, 5 P, 4 P
		5000	3.7	2.1	0.6	3 P, 6 P, 2 P
	AAC	100	791.3	108.6	118.7	757, 704, 913
TA 98	Acetone	-	18.7	7.2	-	15, 27, 14
	Test item	33	19.0	7.0	1.0	27, 16, 14
		100	19.3	2.3	1.0	18 P, 22 P, 18 P
		333	21.0	0.0	1.1	21 P, 21 P, 21 P
		1000	14.3	2.9	0.8	11 P, 16 P, 16 P
		2500	15.3	4.7	0.8	17 P, 19 P, 10 P
		5000	13.0	5.0	0.7	8 P, 18 P, 13 P
	NOPD	10	1128.3	85.9	60.4	1149, 1034, 1202
E. coli	Acetone	-	24.0	5.2	-	30, 21, 21
	Test item	33	23.0	6.2	1.0	30, 18, 21
		100	28.7	4.5	1.2	29 P, 33 P, 24 P
		333	27.3	4.9	1.1	25 P, 33 P, 24 P
		1000	17.0	2.6	0.7	19 P, 14 P, 18 P
		2500	16.7	7.2	0.7	12 P, 25 P, 13 P
		5000	14.3	1.5	0.6	14 P, 13 P, 16 P
	4-NQO	5	635.7	33.3	26.5	666, 641, 600
P = Precipitation

Conclusions:

The substance is not mutagenic in bacteria.

Executive summary:

In a key Guideline (OECD 471) bacterial reverse mutation assay, the test material (CAS# 68554-12-1; purity 99.6%) was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 at concentrations of 0; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500 and 5000 μg/plate in an acetone vehicle in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (±S9). Solvent controls were used in the study along with positive controls 2 -aminoanthracene (2 -AA), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4 -nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), 9 -aminoacridine (AAC), 4 -nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4 -NQO).

The test material was not mutagenic under the experimental conditions of this Ames test.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Key in vitro mutagenicity data is available for Resin acids and rosin acids, hydrogenated, calcium salts (CAS# 68554-12-1). This data is provided in addition to key and supporting data available for other members of the category 'Rosins and their salts'.

In a key Guideline (OECD 471) bacterial reverse mutation assay (BASF, 2017c RSS), the test material (CAS# 68554-12-1; purity 99.6%) was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 at concentrations of 0; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500 and 5000 μg/plate in an acetone vehicle in the presence and absenceof metabolic activation (±S9). Solvent controls were used in the study along with positive controls 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), 9-aminoacridine (AAC), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO).

 

The test material was not mutagenic under the experimental conditions of this Ames test.

Additional information on rosin is available for in-vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity:

Mammalian chromosomal aberrations

Rosin dissolved in THF has been evaluated for its potential to induce structural chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro (Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH, 2010a). The test was run using two independent experiments, with two parallel cultures analysed per study. Per culture, 100 metaphase plates were scored for structural chromosomal aberrations. The highest applied concentration in this study (3500.0 µg/mL of the test item) was chosen with regard to the solubility properties of the test item and with respect to the current OECD Guideline 473. Dose selection of the cytogenetic experiment was performed considering the toxicity data and the occurrence of test item precipitation in accordance with OECD Guideline 473. In Experiment 1 in the absence and presence of S9 mix, no cytotoxicity was observed up to the highest evaluated concentration. However, in the presence of S9 mix, the highest applied concentration showed clear cytotoxic effects, but was not evaluable for cytogenetic damage. In Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 mix, cytotoxicity was observed at the highest evaluated concentration. In the presence of S9 mix, no cytotoxicity was observed up to the highest applied concentration. In both independent experiments, neither a statistically significant nor a biologically relevant increase in the number of cells carrying structural chromosomal aberrations was observed after treatment with the test item. No evidence of an increase in polyploid metaphases was noticed after treatment with the test item as compared to the control cultures. An appropriate response (statistically significant increases (p < 0.05) in cells with structural chromosomal aberrations) was obtained with the positive controls.

Mammalian cell mutation

The mutagenic potential of Rosin has also been evaluated in a mouse lymphoma assay using the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line (Harlan Laboratories Ltd, 2010k). The method used met the requirements of the OECD (476) and EU Method B17. Two independent experiments were performed, with the maximum dose level limited by test material induced toxicity (Experiment 1: 2.5 to 40 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation, 10 to 80 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation. Experiment 2: 2.5 to 45 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation, 10 to 55 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation). Precipitate of test material was not observed at any of the dose levels in the mutagenicity test. The vehicle (solvent) controls had acceptable mutant frequency values that were within the normal range for the L5178Y cell line at the TK +/- locus. The positive control materials induced marked increases in the mutant frequency indicating the satisfactory performance of the test and of the activity of the metabolising system. The test material did not induce any toxicologically significant dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at any dose level, either with or without metabolic activation, in either the first or the second experiment. The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic to L5178Y cells under the conditions of the test.