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EC number: 212-742-4 | CAS number: 865-49-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: sediment simulation testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The mineralization of chloroform in river sediments
- Author:
- van Beelen P, van Vlaardingen PLA
- Year:
- 1 993
- Bibliographic source:
- Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 27(1), 51-58
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 308 (Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems)
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chloroform
- EC Number:
- 200-663-8
- EC Name:
- Chloroform
- Cas Number:
- 67-66-3
- Molecular formula:
- CHCl3
- IUPAC Name:
- chloroform
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
Study design
- Oxygen conditions:
- anaerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural sediment
- Details on source and properties of sediment:
- Anaerobic mud samples were taken from locations in the Netherlands (Table 1). Samples were obtained from a depth of 10-40 cm below the sediment-water interface as described by van Beelen and van Keulen (1990). The sandy sediment samples were obtained by scraping the upper layer directly under the sediment-water interface. The wet mud or sand samples were stored in an icebox under a nitrogen atmosphere, transferred to the laboratory within three hours and placed in the airlock of an anaerobic glove box (Braun type MB 30 G). For sediment properties, see Table 2.
- Details on inoculum:
- Fresh mud was mixed with an equal amount of anaerobic double distilled water (bidest) and 20 mL of homogenised suspension was pipetted into incubation bottles in the anaerobic glove box. The sand samples were also mixed with an equal weight of anaerobic bidest. The upper suspension was decanted into a sterile vessel and the settled sand was homogenised with a spoon. Then 10 g of wet sand and 10 mL of suspension were subsequently put into an incubation bottle.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 40 d
- Details on study design:
- A stock solution of 14CHCl3 was prepared by adding gaseous labelled chloroform to a crimpcap sealed incubation bottle containing sterile anaerobic bidest. The stock solution was diluted and 0.5 mL aliquots were injected through the rubber stoppers into the incubation bottles containing mud or sandy sediment inoculums. Total bacteria numbers were counted by using epifluorescence microscopy. Either the FITC-DC (fluorescine isothiocyanate) or the AODC (acridine orange) method was used, both with small modifications. A 5 mL portion of a sediment/water suspension was sonified for 1 minute in order to remove bacteria from sediment particles. Dilutions made from this suspension were incubated for several weeks on agar plates with 100 x diluted nutrient broth at 20 °C. All manipulations were performed in the anaerobic glove box.
Results and discussion
- Test performance:
- A good separation and recovery of pure 14CHCl3 or 14CO2 was achieved. The recovery of freshly added chloroform was about 90 % but due to sorption onto the stoppers the recovery dropped slowly to about 45 % after 30 to 40 days. Production of 14CO2 was not observed in autoclaved bottles with sediment suspension that were incubated during the mineralisation experiments.
Half-life of parent compound / 50% disappearance time (DT50)
- Key result
- Compartment:
- sediment
- DT50:
- > 0.9 - < 37 d
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Transformation products:
- yes
Identity of transformation products
- No.:
- #1
Reference
- Reference substance name:
- Unnamed
- IUPAC name:
- dioxomethane
- Inventory number:
- InventoryMultipleMappingImpl [inventoryEntryValue=EC 204-696-9]
- CAS number:
- 124-38-9
- Identity:
- Carbon dioxide
- Molecular formula:
- CO2
- Molecular weight:
- 44.01
- SMILES notation:
- O=C=O
- InChl:
- InChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not measured
- Volatile metabolites:
- yes
- Residues:
- yes
- Details on results:
- See Table 3
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 2: Sediment properties. *: Density of wet sediment derived from the % dry weight using a density of 2.55 g dry sediment per mL. The blank values in the table were not determined. The Gorinchem mud contained 0.3-2.5 mg nitrate N per kg and 390-460 mg ammonia N per kg while K-Sand-B contained 6 mg nitrate N per kg. Total N is expressed in g N per kg dry weight. M-50 is the median of the particle diameter. The mud samples produced methane while the sand samples did not.
Location and code |
Sampling date |
M-50 (um) |
% clay |
pH H2O |
pH KCl |
% org. carbon |
% CaCO3 |
Total N |
Density (g/mL) |
% dry weight |
Wageningen |
||||||||||
W-Mud |
89-01-11 |
-- |
-- |
7.5 |
7.6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1.79 |
73.3 |
Ketelmeer |
||||||||||
K-Mud |
89-03-17 |
-- |
10.8 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
3.2 |
11.7 |
2.4 |
1.54 |
64.7 |
K-Sand-A |
89-03-17 |
220 |
0.5 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
0.2 |
4.7 |
0.2 |
2* |
77.6 |
K-Sand-B |
89-11-20 |
255 |
0.8 |
8.4 |
8.1 |
0.2 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
1.96 |
80.0 |
Biesbosch |
||||||||||
B-Sand |
89-04-18 |
220 |
1.9 |
8.0 |
7.8 |
0.3 |
2.8 |
0.2 |
2* |
76.1 |
B-Mud |
89-04-18 |
-- |
28.8 |
7.2 |
7.0 |
8.7 |
3.1 |
5.4 |
1.32 |
36.9 |
Oostvaardersplassen |
||||||||||
O-Mud-A |
89-06-26 |
63 |
29.2 |
8.0 |
7.6 |
2.9 |
6.6 |
2.1 |
1.2* |
28.0 |
O-Mud-B |
89-06-26 |
-- |
33.3 |
8.0 |
7.4 |
5.2 |
12.4 |
4.3 |
1.3* |
36.3 |
Gorinchem |
||||||||||
G-Mud-A |
87-03-17 |
-- |
-- |
7.4 |
7.1 |
5.2 |
11.2 |
4.0 |
-- |
-- |
G-Mud-B |
87-03-23 |
-- |
-- |
7.5 |
7.3 |
5.0 |
11.4 |
4.2 |
-- |
-- |
G-Mud-C |
89-11-13 |
63 |
23.0 |
7.9 |
7.4 |
4.6 |
9.3 |
3.6 |
1.45 |
55.8 |
G-Mud-D |
90-03-14 |
110 |
25.8 |
7.8 |
7.6 |
4.6 |
11.3 |
3.0 |
1.32 |
46.0 |
G-Mud-E |
90-05-16 |
125 |
27.3 |
8.1 |
7.5 |
2.5 |
10.8 |
3.6 |
1.35 |
41.8 |
G-Mud-F |
90-08-21 |
125 |
27.5 |
7.6 |
7.4 |
3.1 |
9.8 |
2.3 |
1.45 |
44.0 |
Table 3: The mineralisation rate of chloroform in methanogenic and sandy sediments. * Half-life of chloroform based on the production of carbon dioxide. AODC = Acridine Orange Direct Count. Blank values were not determined. The mineralisation data were fitted by first order kinetics.
log AODC |
log CFUs air |
Nitrogen |
Carbon dioxide production* half-life |
Max. % CO2 |
Chloroform removal half-life |
|||||
Sediment |
No. |
(per g) |
SD |
(per g) |
(per g) |
(d) |
SD |
(d) |
SD |
|
W-Mud |
1A |
-- |
-- |
6.7 |
5.3 |
0.9 |
0.3 |
45 |
2 |
0 |
2A |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
0.6 |
54 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
|
W-Mud 10 °C |
1B |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
4 |
1 |
36 |
5 |
1 |
2B |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
0.2 |
47 |
3 |
0.1 |
|
K-Mud |
3 |
8.7 |
0.06 |
6.3 |
4.4 |
2 |
0.1 |
45 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
0.8 |
43 |
3 |
0.4 |
|
K-Sand-A |
5 |
9.1 |
0.11 |
7.0 |
5.6 |
>100 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
>100 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
K-Sand B N2 |
7A |
9.3 |
0.03 |
-- |
-- |
>500 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
K-Sand B H2 |
7B |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
>500 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
B-Sand |
8 |
9.6 |
0.05 |
8.2 |
6.1 |
>130 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
9 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
37 |
21 |
36 |
19 |
0 |
|
B-Mud |
10 |
9.6 |
0.06 |
6.8 |
5.2 |
11 |
7 |
35 |
17 |
8 |
11 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
37 |
10 |
20 |
28 |
16 |
|
O-Mud |
12 |
10.3 |
0.03 |
6.8 |
-- |
6 |
0.3 |
44 |
6 |
3 |
13 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
11 |
0.1 |
38 |
9 |
2 |
|
G-Mud-C |
14 |
9.9 |
0.03 |
-- |
-- |
4.5 |
2 |
48 |
10 |
2 |
G-Mud-D |
15 |
10.1 |
0.03 |
-- |
-- |
5 |
0.2 |
53 |
4 |
0.1 |
G-Mud-E |
16 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5 |
2 |
63 |
5 |
0 |
G-Mud-F |
17 |
10.1 |
0.03 |
-- |
-- |
9 |
0.6 |
62 |
6 |
0.5 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Validity criteria
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The test using natural anaerobic mud sediments and sandy sediments showed that chloroform was mainly mineralised to CO2 under methanogenic conditions with half-lives of a few days but that no mineralisation took place in the sandy sediments.
- Executive summary:
The mineralisation of chloroform was tested with methanogenic natural sediment and sandy sediment samples under anaerobic conditions using principles comparable to those of OECD guideline No. 308. The initial concentrations of 14C labelled chloroform were 2.7 to 3.4 microgram/L and the radioactivity was 133 to 167 Bq per bottle with 20 mL sediment suspension. Preliminary tests showed a good separation and recovery of pure 14CHCl3 and 14CO2. The recovery of freshly added chloroform was about 90 %. It slowly dropped to 45 %, which was due to increasing sorption onto the stoppers. Chloroform was mineralised under anaerobic conditions with half-lives of 2 to 37 days at 20 °C in 12 methanogenic sediments producing mainly CO2. Relatively unpolluted samples showed similar mineralisation rates compared to heavily polluted samples from the Rhine and Meuse. Chloroform was not mineralised and persisted in the sandy sediments. This was not caused by the absence of chloroform mineralising bacteria but by the inactivity of these bacteria under the conditions present in the sandy sediments.
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