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EC number: 233-162-8 | CAS number: 10049-04-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Specific investigations: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- hematoxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effect of exogenous glutathione, glutathione reductase, chlorine dioxide and chlorite on osmotic fragility of rat blood in vitro.
- Author:
- Abdel-Rahman, M.S.; Couri, D. and Bull, R.J.
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of the American College of Toxicology, 3(4):269-275
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Rats were sacrificed by decapitation and blood was collected in heparinised tubes. Vessels containing 3 mL of blood each were incubated in water bath at 37°C after the addition of ClO2. The effect of exogenous glutathione, glutathione reductase, chlorine dioxide and chlorite on osmotic fragility of rat blood were investigated in vitro.
Osmotic fragility determination: The addition of blood to hypotonic solution was used to determine the osmotic fragility by measuring the concentration of hemoglobin released in the solution by the method of Dacie (1977).
Reagent: Stock solution of buffered sodium chloride was prepared by dissolving 90 g of NaCl, 13.66 g of Na2HPO4, and 2.43 g of NaH2PO4 in 1 L double-distilled water. This stock solution is osmotically equivalent to 10% NaCl. The working solution was prepared by dilution of the stock solution 1:10 to make up a solution equivalent to 1%
Assay procedures: 5 mL of the various working solutions was added to the test tubes. 50 µL of blood was added to each tube and mixed well. After 30 minutes, tubes were centrifuged at 500 g for 5 minutes. The osmotic fragility curve in rat blood was plotted as percent hemolysis against salt concentration.
Effect of exogenous glutathione and ClO2 on osmotic fragility of rat blood: Reduced glutathione (50 mg%) was added to rat blood directly before the addition of ClO2. The final concentration of ClO2 was 100 mg/L. Osmotic fragility was determined after 1 and 2 hours at 37°C as described above.
Effect of glutathione reductase and ClO2 on osmotic fragility of rat blood: ClO2 (100 mg/L) was added to rat blood, afterwards 17 units (170 µg) of glutathione reductase and 20 µL NADPH (2mM) were added. Tubes were incubated at 37°C and 50 µL aliquots withdrawn at 1 hour to determine osmotic fragility. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vitro
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chlorine dioxide
- EC Number:
- 233-162-8
- EC Name:
- Chlorine dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 10049-04-4
- Molecular formula:
- ClO2
- IUPAC Name:
- Chlorine Dioxide
- Details on test material:
- No data
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- No data
Administration / exposure
- Details on exposure:
- No data
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- No data
- Frequency of treatment:
- No data
- Post exposure period:
- No data
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- No data
- Details on study design:
- No data
Examinations
- Examinations:
- No data
- Positive control:
- No data
Results and discussion
- Details on results:
- RBC hemolysis was decreased in rat blood after 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The glutathione content expressed as percentage of controls was decreased with incubation time. When ClO2 was added with reduced glutathione (GSH) to the blood, no effect on hemolysis was observed with ClO2 treatment alone. Addition of NADPH alone prevented ClO2 from exhibiting hemolysis resistance, while glutathione reductase (GR) and its cofactor (NADPH) increased hemolysis about 1.5-2 fold. Removing GR only resulted in increased resistance to hemolysis with ClO2. The formation of disulfide bonds between sulfhydryl groups in erythrocytic membranes and hemoglobin, causing precipitation of hemoglobin (yielding apparent resistance to hemolysis) can account for the difference between the hemolysis before and after the addition of GR.
Any other information on results incl. tables
No data
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
In an in vitro study, rat blood cells were exposed to ClO2 alone or combined with exogenous glutathione or glutathione reductase by adding 5 mL of the various working solutions to 50 µL of collected blood.
The osmotic fragility and glutathione content was studied in rat blood treated with CIO2 in vitro. RBC hemolysis was decreased in rat blood after 30,60, and 120 minutes by all treatments. The glutathione content expressed as percentage of controls was decreased with incubation time. When CIO2 was added with reduced glutathione (GSH) to the blood, no effect on hemolysis was observed compared to control or to GSH alone at 2 hours, but decreased hemolysis was observed with CIO2 treatment alone. Addition of NADPH alone prevented CIO2 from exhibiting hemolysis resistance, while glutathione reductase (GR) and its cofactor (NADPH) increased hemolysis about 1.5–2 fold. Removing GR only resulted in increased resistance to hemolysis. The formation of disulfide bonds between sulfhydryl groups in erythrocyticmembranes and hemoglobin, causing precipitation of hemoglobin (yielding apparent resistance to hemolysis) can account for the difference between the hemolysis before and after the addition of GR.
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