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EC number: 203-137-6 | CAS number: 103-71-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Justification for type of information:
- According to handbook data, isocyanates react rapidly with water forming aminic structures as well as carbamic acids, which are mostly unstable, and ureas under release of carbon dioxide. Monitoring the amine formation in hydrolysis studies gives a picture of the degradation of the isocyanate. This behaviour of isocyanates has been used in studies to determine the rate of degradation*. In Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.6 it is mentioned that degradation products instead of parent substance can be investigated for ecotoxicological effects if the hydrolysis is very rapidly (t1/2 <1 h), OECD Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2000) and Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.7b state the same. As phenyl isocyanate hydrolyses to aniline this is the ecotoxicological relevant species. Concluding, tests performed using the corresponding amine can equally be used to assess the ecotoxicological hazards of phenyl isocyanate. An underestimation of environmental hazards is thus avoided supporting a conservative and thus protective hazard assessment.
* Bayer Industry Services (2004), 4-chlorophenyl-isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300181. Leverkusen, Germany.
Bayer Industry Services (2003), Isopropyl isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300095. Leverkusen, Germany. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.01 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, reproduction rate, appearance of first offspring
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, reproduction rate, appearance of first offspring
- Conclusions:
- For aniline a 21d-NOEC of 0.004 mg/L was extrapolated for reproduction of Daphnia magna.
- Executive summary:
In a semi-static test (three renewals per week) the long-term toxicity of aniline to Daphnia magna was studied at 25 °C. Eight test concentrations ranging nominally from 0.1 μg/L to 316 μg/L were employed. A 21-day NOEC for reproduction of 10 μg/L based on nominal concentration was found. As it was not possible to analyse the real aniline concentration in the samples (detection limit of the used method was 0.1 mg/L). An additional test vessel without daphnids and food but with a nominal aniline concentration of 316 μg/L was employed. After 2 days the aniline concentration in this sample was only 40 to 60% of the nominal concentration. Therefore, a NOEC value of 4 μg/L is extrapolated from this recovery rate. This extrapolation does not take into account the possibly enhanced degradation of aniline in the presence of daphnid food.
According to handbook data, isocyanates react rapidly with water forming aminic structures as well as carbamic acids, which are mostly unstable, and ureas under release of carbon dioxide. Monitoring the amine formation in hydrolysis studies gives a picture of the degradation of the isocyanate. This behaviour of isocyanates has been used in studies to determine the rate of degradation*. In Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.6 it is mentioned that degradation products instead of parent substance can be investigated for ecotoxicological effects if the hydrolysis is very rapidly (t1/2 <1 h), OECD Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2000) and Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.7b state the same. As phenyl isocyanate hydrolyses to aniline this is the ecotoxicological relevant species. Concluding, tests performed using the corresponding amine can equally be used to assess the ecotoxicological hazards of phenyl isocyanate. An underestimation of environmental hazards is thus avoided supporting a conservative and thus protective hazard assessment.
* Bayer Industry Services (2004), 4-chlorophenyl-isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300181. Leverkusen, Germany.
Bayer Industry Services (2003), Isopropyl isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300095. Leverkusen, Germany.
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1988
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Data from EU Risk Assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- According to handbook data, isocyanates react rapidly with water forming aminic structures as well as carbamic acids, which are mostly unstable, and ureas under release of carbon dioxide. Monitoring the amine formation in hydrolysis studies gives a picture of the degradation of the isocyanate. This behaviour of isocyanates has been used in studies to determine the rate of degradation*. In Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.6 it is mentioned that degradation products instead of parent substance can be investigated for ecotoxicological effects if the hydrolysis is very rapidly (t1/2 <1 h), OECD Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2000) and Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.7b state the same. As phenyl isocyanate hydrolyses to aniline this is the ecotoxicological relevant species. Concluding, tests performed using the corresponding amine can equally be used to assess the ecotoxicological hazards of phenyl isocyanate. An underestimation of environmental hazards is thus avoided supporting a conservative and thus protective hazard assessment.
* Bayer Industry Services (2004), 4-chlorophenyl-isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300181. Leverkusen, Germany.
Bayer Industry Services (2003), Isopropyl isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300095. Leverkusen, Germany. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Umweltbundesamt, Provisional procedure: prolonged toxicity test using Daphnia magna (dated 01.01.1984)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- German Federal Environmental Agency internal method, comparable to OECD TG 211.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- - dilution water: synthetic freshwater according to German Industrial Standard DIN 38412, Part 1 and Part 11 (1982): 11.76 g/L CaCl2*2H2O, 4.93 g/L MgSO4*7H2O, 2.59 g/L NaHCO3, 0.23 g/L KCl, oxygen-saturated, pH 8.0 +- 0.2 - stock solution of test substance: 2000 mg/L (dilution water heated to 30 °C)
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - test animals: Daphnia magna (IRCHA strain)
- age: 24 h
- 20-30 animals in 40 2-L beakers filled with >= 1.6 L tap water (hardness: 285.76 mg/L as CaCO3; pH 7.6-7.7; oxygen-saturated)
- temperature: 20 °C
- fluorescent light (9 h light : 15 h dark)
- offspring removed daily from cultures
- feeding: dried algae (Scenedesmus sp.; 9 g/L, 2 mL/beaker) - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Hardness:
- 285.76 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 25 +- 1 °C
- pH:
- 7.6 - 7.7
- Details on test conditions:
- - test vessel: closed
- test concentration: 8-1000 mg/L, dilution ratio: 1:2
- replicates: 4/concentration, 1 animal/50 mL, 20 animals/conc.
- semistatic conditions (3 times/week)
- feeding: 3 times/week (Tetramin fish feed)
- illumination: fluorescent light (9 h light : 15 h dark)
- temperature: 25 +- 1 °C
- observations: 3 times/week: dead/immobile animals, offspring, pH, dissolved oxygen
- analytical monitoring of test substance concentration in stock solution, test vessels, and blanks - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.01 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, reproduction rate, appearance of first offspring
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality, reproduction rate, appearance of first offspring
- Conclusions:
- For aniline a 21d-NOEC of 0.004 mg/L was extrapolated for reproduction of Daphnia magna.
- Executive summary:
In a semi-static test (three renewals per week) the long-term toxicity of aniline to Daphnia magna was studied at 25 °C. Eight test concentrations ranging nominally from 0.1 μg/L to 316 μg/L were employed. A 21-day NOEC for reproduction of 10 μg/L based on nominal concentration was found. As it was not possible to analyse the real aniline concentration in the samples (detection limit of the used method was 0.1 mg/L). An additional test vessel without daphnids and food but with a nominal aniline concentration of 316 μg/L was employed. After 2 days the aniline concentration in this sample was only 40 to 60% of the nominal concentration. Therefore, a NOEC value of 4 μg/L is extrapolated from this recovery rate. This extrapolation does not take into account the possibly enhanced degradation of aniline in the presence of daphnid food.
According to handbook data, isocyanates react rapidly with water forming aminic structures as well as carbamic acids, which are mostly unstable, and ureas under release of carbon dioxide. Monitoring the amine formation in hydrolysis studies gives a picture of the degradation of the isocyanate. This behaviour of isocyanates has been used in studies to determine the rate of degradation*. In Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.6 it is mentioned that degradation products instead of parent substance can be investigated for ecotoxicological effects if the hydrolysis is very rapidly (t1/2 <1 h), OECD Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2000) and Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.7b state the same. As phenyl isocyanate hydrolyses to aniline this is the ecotoxicological relevant species. Concluding, tests performed using the corresponding amine can equally be used to assess the ecotoxicological hazards of phenyl isocyanate. An underestimation of environmental hazards is thus avoided supporting a conservative and thus protective hazard assessment.
* Bayer Industry Services (2004), 4-chlorophenyl-isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300181. Leverkusen, Germany.
Bayer Industry Services (2003), Isopropyl isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300095. Leverkusen, Germany.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Due to the rapid hydrolysis of the substance, long-term toxicity results
for aquatic invertebrates of the hydrolysis product aniline is taken
into account for assessment. Three Daphnia long-term results (21 d) are
available that are regarded of equal value: NOEC = 0.016 mg/L, 0.004
mg/L and 0.024 mg/L .
However, the lowest of the three NOECs was taken as key result to
present the most conservative situation.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 0.004 mg/L
Additional information
Due to the rapid hydrolysis of the phenyl isocyanate, long-term toxicity results for aquatic invertebrates of the hydrolysis product aniline are taken into account for assessment, based on the following assumption:
According to handbook data, isocyanates react rapidly with water forming aminic structures as well as carbamic acids, which are mostly unstable, and ureas under release of carbon dioxide. Monitoring the amine formation in hydrolysis studies gives a picture of the degradation of the isocyanate. This behaviour of isocyanates has been used in studies to determine the rate of degradation*. In Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.6 it is mentioned that degradation products instead of parent substance can be investigated for ecotoxicological effects if the hydrolysis is very rapidly (t1/2 <1 h), OECD Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2000) and Guidance on IR & CSA Chapter R.7b state the same. As phenyl isocyanate hydrolyses to aniline this is the ecotoxicological relevant species. Concluding, tests performed using the corresponding amine can equally be used to assess the ecotoxicological hazards of phenyl isocyanate. An underestimation of environmental hazards is thus avoided supporting a conservative and thus protective hazard assessment.
* Bayer Industry Services (2004), 4-chlorophenyl-isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300181. Leverkusen, Germany.
Bayer Industry Services (2003), Isopropyl isocyanate: Investigation on Stability in Aqueous Test Solutions. Project No: 200300095. Leverkusen, Germany.
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