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EC number: 246-140-8 | CAS number: 24304-00-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 316 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH-range 3.21-3.52
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 359 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH-range 3.69-4.38
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH-range 4.37-6.70
- Duration:
- 6 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: growth phase B+C, pH 3.4
- Duration:
- 6 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 320 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: growth phase B+C, pH 4.3
- Duration:
- 6 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: growth phase B+C, pH 7.3
- Duration:
- 6 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Al
- Basis for effect:
- other: cocoon production
- Remarks on result:
- other: growth phase B+C, pH 3.4, 4.3 and 7.3
- Details on results:
- Aluminium sulfate was most toxic at a pH of 3.4 with an LC50 of 589 mg Al/kg dry soil. At pH 3.4 growth and cocoon production were significantly reduced at 320 mg Al/kg dry soil, while at 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil all earthworms died.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Trimmed Spearman-Karber method
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- non-guideline study, but scientifically solid result published in peer-reviewed article
- Conclusions:
- A study was performed to determine the effects of three aluminium species on Eisenia andrei, Al2O3, AlCl3x6H2O and Al2(SO4)3x8H2O. Various endpoints were determined observing the growth and the number of cocoons. Effect concentrations (EC50) and no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOEC) were determined at different pH (3.4, 4.3 and 7.3). The lowest observed lethal concentration (LC50) was 316 mg Al/kg dry soil for AlCl3. The lowest no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) was 100 mg Al/kg dry soil.
- Executive summary:
A study similar to OECD 207 and OECD 222 was executed in OECD (1984) soil with Eisenia andrei for 14 days (range-finding studies) and six weeks (main study). Test soils (400 g dry weight) were prepared with the toxicants and placed in 1 L glass test containers and 10 earthworms per container were added. In the first two range-finding tests, no food was added. In the third range-finding and in the main test, 4 g dry cow dung moistened with demineralized water to a level of 55 % (w/w) was added in a small hole in the middle of the soil of each test container.
For the range-finding tests one replicate was used per concentration and pH level. In the first and second range-finding tests survival of earthworms was assessed after 7 and 14 days, in the third range-finding test after 12 and 18 days. Test concentrations in the range-finding studies were as follows:
- Al2O3: 0, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 mg Al/kg dry soil were mixed in the soil
- AlCl3: 0, 10, 100, 1000 mg Al/kg soil
- Al2(SO4)3: 0, 10, 100, 1000, 4000 mg al/kg dry soil
The soil was moistured with a 0.009 M H2SO4 solution to obtain nominal soil pH values of 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0.
The test parameter in the first and second range-finding tests was survival, while in the third range-finding test also cocoon production was assessed.
AlCl3 appeared to be most toxic, with LC50 values of 316, 359 and >1000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH(KCl) of 3.5, 4.4 and 6.7, respectively in the control soils. Effects of this salt interfered with a strong decrease of soil pH with increasing aluminium concentration. Al2(SO4)3 was less toxic with LC50 values of 457, >4000 and >4000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH 3.24, 4.86 and 7.22, respectively. Al2O3 did not affect earthworm survival at concentrations of 5000 mg Al/kg and pH levels between 2.4 and 7.1.
In the main test soil samples were treated with Al2(SO4)3 at concentrations of 0, 10, 32, 100, 320, 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil. Nominal soil pH in the main test were 3.5, 4.5 and 6.5.
In the main test which consisted of three phases, three replicates were used for each concentration and pH level. In the phase A, adult earthworms were pre-incubated in untreated artificial soil for 1 week (pre-incubation phase). Afterwards (phase B), the earthworms were transferred to the aluminium-treated soils and exposed for three weeks (exposure phase). In the last exposure phase (phase C) test animals were transferred for another three weeks to treated soils. In the main test survival, weight change and cocoon production were determined.
The NOEC for the endpoint growth was 100 mg Al/kg soil dw and 320 mg Al/kg soil dw at pH 3.4/7.3 and 4.3, respectively. Cocoon production was not affected at 100 mg Al/kg soil dw (pH 3.4, 4.3 and 7.3).
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
Referenceopen allclose all
Indicative LC50 and EC50 values for the effect of different aluminium salts on the survival and reproduction of Eisenia andrei after 14 (or 18) days exposure in range-finding tests in OECD artificial soil at different soil pH (1 M KCl) levels.
Aluminum salt |
pH (mean±SD; n=5) |
LC50 (in mg Al/kg dry soil) |
EC50 |
Al2O3 |
2.41±0.11 |
>5000 |
n.d. |
3.35±0.05 |
>5000 |
n.d. |
|
4.47±0.05 |
>5000 |
n.d. |
|
7.12±0.02 |
>5000 |
n.d. |
|
AlCl3.6H2O |
3.21 – 3.52 |
316 |
n.d. |
3.69 – 4.38 |
359 |
n.d. |
|
4.37 – 6.70 |
>1000 |
n.d. |
|
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O |
3.24± 0.10 |
457 |
330 |
4.86± 0.54 |
>4000 |
197 |
|
7.22± 0.17 |
>4000 |
883 |
Table 3. EC50 values for the effect of aluminium sulfate on the growth and cocoon production of Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil at different soil pH (1 M KCl) levels. EC50 values are given for both three week exposure periods (indicated as phase B and C)
Endpoint |
EC50 at soil pH (in 1 M KCL) [mg Al/kg dry soil] |
||
|
pH = 3.4 |
pH = 4.3 |
pH = 7.3 |
growth, phase B |
322 |
992 |
>1000 |
growth, phase B |
- |
>1000 |
>1000 |
growth, phase B |
189 |
>1000 |
>1000 |
|
|
|
|
cocoons, phase B |
181 |
395 |
431 |
cocoons, phase B |
309 |
774 |
292 |
cocoons, phase B |
294 |
529 |
291 |
Table 4. NOEC values for the effect of aluminium sulfate on the growth and cocoon
production of Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil at different soil pH (1 M KCl) levels.
NOEC values are given for both three week exposure periods (indicated as phase
B and C)
Endpoint |
NOEC at soil pH (in 1 M KCL) [mg Al/kg dry soil] |
||
|
pH = 3.4 |
pH = 4.3 |
pH = 7.3 |
growth, phase B |
320 |
320 |
100 |
growth, phase B |
100 |
320 |
>1000 |
growth, phase B |
100 |
320 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
cocoons, phase B |
100 |
320 |
100 |
cocoons, phase B |
>1000 |
>1000 |
100 |
cocoons, phase B |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Table 5. Effect of aluminium sulfate on the cocoon production of Eisenia andrei during a six week exposure period in OECD artificial soil at different soil pH (1 M KCl) levels
Concentration [mg Al/kg dry soil] |
Number of cocoons ± SD (n=3) per 10 worms at pH [mg Al/kg dry soil] |
||
|
pH = 3.4 |
pH = 4.3 |
pH = 7.3 |
0 |
7.7 ± 3.1 |
18.0 ± 5.6 |
17.0 ± 4.0 |
10 |
8.7 ± 3.5 |
22.3 ± 3.8 |
22.3 ± 3.8 |
32 |
8.7 ± 2.3 |
16.7 ± 3.2 |
16.3 ± 5.1 |
100 |
9.0 ± 3.5 |
22.3 ± 5.8 |
20.3 ± 2.3 |
320 |
1.3 ± 2.3 |
11.0 ± 2.0 |
6.3 ± 4.2 |
1000 |
- |
7.0 ± 3.6 |
5.3 ± 5.1 |
Description of key information
A study was performed to determine the effects of various aluminium species on Eisenia andrei. Various endpoints were determined observing the growth and the number of cocoons. Effect concentrations (EC50) and no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOEC) were determined at different pH (3.4, 4.3 and 7.3). After 14-d exposure the lowest observed lethal concentration (LC50) was 316 mg Al/kg dry soil. The lowest no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) after 6 weeks was 100 mg Al/kg dry soil (endpoints growth and cocoon production).
This endpoint has been waived for ammonia for exposure considerations.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Short-term EC50 or LC50 for soil macroorganisms:
- 316 mg/kg soil dw
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil macroorganisms:
- 100 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
A study was performed to measure the influence of different aluminium molecules on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Earthworm toxicity of aluminium sulfate, chloride and oxide in both the range-finding (14-d exposure) and the main tests (6 week exposure) resulted in LC50 values between 316 to >5000 mg Al/kg dry soil.
For AlCl3 the LC50 values were determined to 316, 359 and >1000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH 3.5, 4.4 and 6.7. For Al2(SO4)3 corresponding LC50 values of 457, >4000 and >4000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH 3.24, 4.86 and 7.22 were measured. Al2O3 did not affect earthworm survival at concentrations of 5000 mg Al/kg and pH levels between 2.4 and 7.1. What can be seen as a result of its very poor water solubility.
Al2(SO4)3 was used in the main test to assess effects on growth and cocoon production at different concentration levels at different soil pH values. Growth and/or cocoon production were not affected at 100 mg Al/kg soil dw (pH 3.4, 4.3 and 7.3). For soil pH 4.3 growth was not affected at 320 mg Al/kg soil dw.
The toxicity of aluminium showed a clear pH dependence. From this study, it may be concluded that aluminium toxicity and its interaction with soil pH is complex and affected by many factors.
Nevertheless, aluminium is part of the natural soil environment and the found effect concentrations are in the range of several hundred milligrams.
For ammonia/ammonium this endpoint has been for exposure considerations. Ammonium/ammonia is part of the environment, particularly the natural soil compartment. It is furthermore used and spread into the environment in large scale as fertilizer. The un-ionized form ammonia is more toxic than ammonium which is a gas that is naturally produced in large scale by rotting microorganisms and plants. Both molecules are part of the nitrogen cycle and rapidly transformed into nitrate and nitrite.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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