2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine

Toxicity to microorganisms

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

toxicity to microorganisms

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with limited documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

The supporting QMRF report has been attached.

Qualifier:

no guideline available

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Prediction is done using OECD QSAR Toolbox version 3.3 with log Kow as the primary descriptor.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not required

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Test temperature:

25 degC

pH:

6.9

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

other: IGC50

Effect conc.:

510.58 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth inhibition

The prediction was based on dataset comprised from the following descriptors: IGC50
Estimation method: Takes average value from the 5 nearest neighbours
Domain  logical expression:Result: In Domain

((((("a" or "b" or "c" or "d" or "e" )  and ("f" and ( not "g") )  )  and ("h" and ( not "i") )  )  and "j" )  and ("k" and "l" )  )

Domain logical expression index: "a"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Anilines (Acute toxicity) by US-EPA New Chemical Categories

Domain logical expression index: "b"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Radical AND Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) AND Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Single-Ring Substituted Primary Aromatic Amines AND SN1 AND SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation AND SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation >> Single-Ring Substituted Primary Aromatic Amines by DNA binding by OASIS v.1.3

Domain logical expression index: "c"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as SN1 AND SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation AND SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Primary aromatic amine by DNA binding by OECD

Domain logical expression index: "d"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Weak binder, NH2 group by Estrogen Receptor Binding

Domain logical expression index: "e"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Anilines (amino-para) AND Anilines (Unhindered) by Aquatic toxicity classification by ECOSAR

Domain logical expression index: "f"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Radical AND Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) AND Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Single-Ring Substituted Primary Aromatic Amines AND SN1 AND SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation AND SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation >> Single-Ring Substituted Primary Aromatic Amines by DNA binding by OASIS v.1.3

Domain logical expression index: "g"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No alert found OR Non-covalent interaction OR Non-covalent interaction >> DNA intercalation OR Non-covalent interaction >> DNA intercalation >> DNA Intercalators with Carboxamide Side Chain OR Non-covalent interaction >> DNA intercalation >> Fused-Ring Nitroaromatics OR Non-covalent interaction >> DNA intercalation >> Fused-Ring Primary Aromatic Amines OR Radical >> Radical mechanism by ROS formation OR Radical >> Radical mechanism by ROS formation >> Polynitroarenes OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Fused-Ring Nitroaromatics OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Fused-Ring Primary Aromatic Amines OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Nitroaniline Derivatives OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Nitroarenes with Other Active Groups OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> Nitrophenols, Nitrophenyl Ethers and Nitrobenzoic Acids OR Radical >> Radical mechanism via ROS formation (indirect) >> p-Aminobiphenyl Analogs OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after diazonium or carbenium ion formation OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after diazonium or carbenium ion formation >> Nitroarenes with Other Active Groups OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation >> Fused-Ring Primary Aromatic Amines OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after metabolic nitrenium ion formation >> p-Aminobiphenyl Analogs OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation >> Fused-Ring Nitroaromatics OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation >> Nitroaniline Derivatives OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation >> Nitroarenes with Other Active Groups OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation >> Nitrophenols, Nitrophenyl Ethers and Nitrobenzoic Acids OR SN1 >> Nucleophilic attack after reduction and nitrenium ion formation >> Polynitroarenes OR SN2 OR SN2 >> Direct acting epoxides formed after metabolic activation OR SN2 >> Direct acting epoxides formed after metabolic activation >> Quinoline Derivatives OR SN2 >> SN2 at an activated carbon atom OR SN2 >> SN2 at an activated carbon atom >> Quinoline Derivatives OR SN2 >> SN2 attack on activated carbon Csp3 or Csp2 OR SN2 >> SN2 attack on activated carbon Csp3 or Csp2 >> Nitroarenes with Other Active Groups by DNA binding by OASIS v.1.3

Domain logical expression index: "h"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Weak binder, NH2 group by Estrogen Receptor Binding

Domain logical expression index: "i"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Moderate binder, NH2 group OR Non binder, impaired OH or NH2 group OR Strong binder, NH2 group OR Weak binder, OH group by Estrogen Receptor Binding

Domain logical expression index: "j"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Class 3 (unspecific reactivity) by Acute aquatic toxicity classification by Verhaar (Modified) ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "k"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is >= 0.16

Domain logical expression index: "l"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is <= 0.65

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The inhibition growth concentration (IGC50) of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine in microorganism (Tetrahymena pyriformis) on the basis of growth inhibition effect was estimated to be 510.58 mg/L.

Executive summary:

A study was predicted using OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3, to assess the toxicity effect of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 615-66-7) in microorgani sm (tetrahymena pyriformis) in a 48 hours of exposure. The inhibition growth concentration (IGC50) of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine in microorganism (Tetrahy mena pyriformis) on the basis of growth inhibition effect was estimated to be 510.58 mg/L.

Description of key information

A study was predicted using OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3, to assess the toxicity effect of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 615-66-7) in microorgani sm (tetrahymena pyriformis) in a 48 hours of exposure. The inhibition growth concentration (IGC50) of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine in microorganism (Tetrahy mena pyriformis) on the basis of growth inhibition effect was estimated to be 510.58 mg/L.

Additional information

Various studies including predicted results from validated model and experimental study from a peer-reviewed journal for toxicity to microorganism with the target substance 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 615-66-7) and the relevant read across substances 3-chloroaniline (CAS No.- 108-42-9) and 2-chloroaniline (CAS No. 95-51-2) by considering its structure-activity relationships, were summarized as follows: 

 

A study was predicted using OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3, to assess the toxicity effect of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 615-66-7) in microorganism (tetrahymena pyriformis) in a 48 hours of exposure. The inhibition growth concentration (IGC50) of 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine in microorganism (Tetrahy mena pyriformis) on the basis of growth inhibition effect was estimated to be 510.58 mg/L.

 

A test was developed by Jaworska, J.S. et. al (Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 29, 200-213) using Escherichia coli in order to determine the toxicity of 3-chloroaniline (CAS No.- 108-42-9). Escherichia coli was exposed for 12 h. The concentration of the chemical, at which the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli observed (EC50), was determined.The median effective concentration (EC50) of 3-chloroaniline in microorganism (Escherichia coli) in a 12 hr study on the basis of growth inhibition effect was observed to be 343 mg/L.

 

Moreover, a toxicity test using Tetrahymena pyriformis as test organism was determined by Yoshioka,Y. et al. (Sci. Total Environ.43(1/2): 149-157) for 2-chloroaniline (CAS No. 95-51-2). The ciliate tetrahymena pyriformis was exposed for 24 hours. The 24-h EC50 (concentration at which 50% of the tetrahymena pyriformis population has died after 24 h of exposure) was found to be 200 mg/L.

 

Thus, based on the above predicted and experimental studies for target substance 2-chloro-p-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 615-66-7) and to its read across substances 3-chloroaniline (CAS No.- 108-42-9) and 2-chloroaniline (CAS No. 95-51-2), the inhibition growth concentration (IGC50) was found to be 510.58 mg/L and EC50 value was found to be in the range of 200.0 to 343.0 mg/L on the basis of various effects (growth inhibition and population effect) in a 12 to 48 hours of exposure.