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EC number: 267-008-6 | CAS number: 67762-27-0 This substance is identified by SDA Substance Name: C16-C18 alkyl alcohol and SDA Reporting Number: 19-060-00.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vivo
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Justification for type of information:
- QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Using the DERMWIN v2.01 QSAR model
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- not applicable to QSAR models
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Species:
- other: QSAR model,
- Strain:
- other: QSAR model,
- Sex:
- not specified
- Type of coverage:
- other: QSAR model
- Vehicle:
- other: QSAR model
- Duration of exposure:
- not applicable to QSAR models
- Doses:
- not applicable to QSAR models
- No. of animals per group:
- not applicable to QSAR models
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- not applicable to QSAR models
- Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- not applicable to QSAR models
- Signs and symptoms of toxicity:
- not specified
- Dermal irritation:
- not specified
- Absorption in different matrices:
- A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate.
Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr. - Conclusions:
- A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate.
Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr. - Executive summary:
A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate.
Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- distribution
- excretion
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: Groups of 3 hairless mice were used. The 1-C14 labelled test substances were applied to the dorsal skin using a plaster for a 24 hour period. Immediately following application of the test material each animal was placed in a container to measure expiratory excretion. At the end of the exposure period the treated area of skin was excised and dissolved using tissue solubiliser. The carcass was homogenised in a blender wwith sodium hydroxide. An aliquot of the homogenate was then dried and combusted for determination of radioactivity.
The effect of different solvents and concentration of the solvent was also investigated. The role of skin irritation in absorption of test substance was also examined. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Groups of 3 hairless mice were used. The 1-C14 labelled test substances were applied to the dorsal skin using a plaster for a 24 hour period. Immediately following application of the test material each animal was placed in a container to measure expiratory excretion. At the end of the exposure period the treated area of skin was excised and dissolved using tissue solubiliser. The carcass was homogenised in a blender wwith sodium hydroxide. An aliquot of the homogenate was then dried and combusted for determination of radioactivity.
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hour period.
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Groups of 3 hairless mice were used
- Control animals:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: no bioaccumulation potential based on study results
Following skin application of lauryl alcohol about 2.84 % of the administered dose was absorbed. Of this absorbed dose >90% was excreted in expired air (CO2). A similar trend was observed with the other alcohols tested. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration. - Executive summary:
At least 65% of the absorbed dose is excreted as CO2 in the expired air. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- distribution
- excretion
- metabolism
- toxicokinetics
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 417 (Toxicokinetics)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Male Sprague-Dawley rats, average weight 200 g which has been maintained on a laboratory diet (Altromin, Altromin GmbH, Lage, Federal Republic of Germany) were used as experimental animals. Solutions of cis-9-octadecenol.,8 5 MBq in 0.1 ml ethanol, were injected into the tail veins of groups of 5-9 rats. The rats were killed by cervical dislocation at intervals of 1 h, 24 h, 48 h and 96 h after application of the substrate. Each tissue was homogenized in a mixture of chloroform/methanol (1 : 2, v/v), and the lipids were isolated according to an established procedure. Radioactivity in aliquots of the lipid extracts was measured. For further analysis the lipid extracts from each type of tissue were pooled for every group.
- Route of administration:
- intravenous
- Vehicle:
- other: ethanol
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- only once
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
olutions of cis-9-octadecenol.,8 5 MBq in 0.1 ml - No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- 29
- Control animals:
- yes
- Positive control reference chemical:
- see attached file
- Details on study design:
- see attached file
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- see attached file
- Statistics:
- see attached file
- Preliminary studies:
- The test material was rapidly utilised for the biosynthesis of lipids in most tissues of the rat (heart, lungs, liver,
intestine, kidney, brain and plasma). - Details on absorption:
- see attached file
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- see attached file
- Details on excretion:
- see attached file
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 1st: 1-24 h
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 2nd: 1-24 h
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 3rd: 1-24 h
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- The results indicate that the test material was rapidly utilised for the biosynthesis of lipids in most tissues of the rat (heart, lungs, liver, intestine, kidney, brain and plasma). Most of the radioactive label was incorporated into the acyl moieties of both phospholipids and neutral lipids.
The pattern of incorporation of radioactivity into the alkyl, alk-1-enyl and acyl moieties of the lipids suggested that oxidation and esterification of the resulting fatty acid to a wide variety of lipids are the predominant reactions. Acylation is observed mostly in the liver while alkylation to alkoxylipids occurred predominately in the heart. The presence of a large proportion of the dose (52%) in the lungs 1 hour after dosing and an increase in the proportion of radioactivity in acyl moieties at 24 hours suggests preferential deposition in the lungs followed by incorporation into lipids. - Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: no bioaccumulation potential based on study results
The test material was rapidly utilised for the biosynthesis of lipids in most tissues of the rat (heart, lungs, liver, intestine, kidney, brain and plasma).
This study was cited in the Cosmetic Ingredients Review, 1985. - Executive summary:
The distribution of radioactivity from intravenously administered cis-9-octadecenol to various tissues of the rat was studied as a function of time. The pattern of incorporation of radioactivity into alkyl, alk-I-enyl and acyl moieties of the lipids in heart, lungs, liver, intestine, kidney, brain and plasma revealed that oxidation of the long-chain alcohol and esterification of the resulting fatty acid to a wide variety of lipids are by far the most predominant reactions. Acylation of the long-chain alcohol is observed especially in liver, which appears to be the major site of biosynthesis of wax esters. Alkylation of the long-chain alcohol to alkoxylipids occurs in most tissues, most predominantly in the heart.
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- distribution
- excretion
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- These studies were carried out to determine the extent to which various monohydric aliphatic alcohols, including C6-C18 alcohols included in this category, form glucuronic acid conjugates in the rabbit.
Groups of 3 Chinchilla rabbits, about 3 kg in weight, were administered various alcohols in water by gavage at a dose level of 25 m.moles/rabbit. The excretion of glucuronic acids was determined daily in the urine for a week prior to administration of the test compound to establish a base line. Following dosing the urine was collected for 24 hours and the glucuronides extracted. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Radiolabelling:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- Chinchilla
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Groups of 3 Chinchilla rabbits, about 3 kg in weight, were administered various alcohols in water by gavage at a dose level of 25 m.moles/rabbit. The excretion of glucuronic acids was determined daily in the urine for a week prior to administration of the test compound to establish a base line. Following dosing the urine was collected for 24 hours and the glucuronides extracted.
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- daily
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
25 m.moles/rabbit. - No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Groups of 3 Chinchilla rabbits, about 3 kg in weight,
- Control animals:
- yes
- Test no.:
- #1
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 1st:
- Test no.:
- #2
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 2nd:
- Test no.:
- #3
- Toxicokinetic parameters:
- half-life 3rd:
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- The extra glucuronide excreted as % of dose (average of 3 rabbits, 2 rabbits for *) was as follows:
n-hexanol 10.3%; n-heptanol 5.3%; n-octanol 9.5%; n-nonanol 4.1%; n-decanol* 3.5%; n-octadecanol* 7.6%.
It was reported that absorpton of n-decanol and n-octadecanol was incomplete and irregular and the alcohol could be isolated in quantity from the faeces. - Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results : no bioaccumulation potential based on study results
All the primary alcohols investigated form glucuronic acid conjugates which are excreted in the urine. However this was generally <10% of the dose. - Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Objective of study:
- absorption
- distribution
- excretion
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: Groups of 3 hairless mice were used. The 1-C14 labelled test substances were applied to the dorsal skin using a plaster for a 24 hour period. Immediately following application of the test material each animal was placed in a container to measure expiratory excretion. At the end of the exposure period the treated area of skin was excised and dissolved using tissue solubiliser. The carcass was homogenised in a blender wwith sodium hydroxide. An aliquot of the homogenate was then dried and combusted for determination of radioactivity.
The effect of different solvents and concentration of the solvent was also investigated. The role of skin irritation in absorption of test substance was also examined. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Groups of 3 hairless mice were used. The 1-C14 labelled test substances were applied to the dorsal skin using a plaster for a 24 hour period. Immediately following application of the test material each animal was placed in a container to measure expiratory excretion. At the end of the exposure period the treated area of skin was excised and dissolved using tissue solubiliser. The carcass was homogenised in a blender wwith sodium hydroxide. An aliquot of the homogenate was then dried and combusted for determination of radioactivity.
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 24 hour period.
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Groups of 3 hairless mice were used
- Control animals:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: no bioaccumulation potential based on study results
Following skin application of lauryl alcohol about 2.84 % of the administered dose was absorbed. Of this absorbed dose >90% was excreted in expired air (CO2). A similar trend was observed with the other alcohols tested. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration. - Executive summary:
At least 65% of the absorbed dose is excreted as CO2 in the expired air. Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length and was affected by solvent and concentration.
Referenceopen allclose all
A QSAR model predicts that the permeability of Alcohols, C16-18 to human skin is quite low. The permeability coefficient was determined to be 0.001 mg/cm2, which is around 1% of the skin penetration rate.
Predicted dermally absorbed coefficient was determined to be Kp (est)=2.04 cm/hr.
Distribution results were reported for lauryl alcohol (98% pure). 95% of the dose adminstered was recovered from the application site at 24 hours after dosing. 0.13% remained in the body while 0.10% was excreted in the urine and faeces. 2.61% was excreted in expired air as CO2. The ratio of the amount of compound excreted via expired air to the amount absorbed is the expiratory excretion rat. It was 91% for lauryl alcohol. The respiratory excretion rates for all the other alcohols investigated were >65% although all the actual data is not reported.
Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The absorption rate was investigated in different solvents (squalene, castor oil, triethyl citrate (TEC). The percutaneous absorption rate of undiluted n-octanol was 50%, this was increased in squalene but decreased in castor oil or TEC. This was also reported with the other alcohols tested and the tendency was more pronounced at higher concentrations.
The degree of skin irritation was proportionally related to the degree of percutaneous absorption.
The results indicate that the test material was rapidly utilised for the biosynthesis of lipids in most tissues of the rat (heart, lungs, liver, intestine, kidney, brain and plasma). Most of the radioactive label was incorporated into the acyl moieties of both phospholipids and neutral lipids.
The pattern of incorporation of radioactivity into the alkyl, alk-1-enyl and acyl moieties of the lipids suggested that oxidation and esterification of the resulting fatty acid to a wide variety of lipids are the predominant reactions. Acylation is observed mostly in the liver while alkylation to alkoxylipids occurred predominately in the heart. The presence of a large proportion of the dose (52%) in the lungs 1 hour after dosing and an increase in the proportion of radioactivity in acyl moieties at 24 hours suggests preferential deposition in the lungs followed by incorporation into lipids.
Radioactivity decreased most rapidly in the liver, kidneys and intestines.
The extra glucuronide excreted as % of dose (average of 3 rabbits, 2 rabbits for *) was as follows:
n-hexanol 10.3%; n-heptanol 5.3%; n-octanol 9.5%; n-nonanol 4.1%; n-decanol* 3.5%; n-octadecanol* 7.6%.
It was reported that absorpton of n-decanol and n-octadecanol was incomplete and irregular and the alcohol could be isolated in quantity from the faeces.
No further information on other biotransformation pathways of these alcohols was provided.
Distribution results were reported for lauryl alcohol (98% pure). 95% of the dose adminstered was recovered from the application site at 24 hours after dosing. 0.13% remained in the body while 0.10% was excreted in the urine and faeces. 2.61% was excreted in expired air as CO2. The ratio of the amount of compound excreted via expired air to the amount absorbed is the expiratory excretion rat. It was 91% for lauryl alcohol. The respiratory excretion rates for all the other alcohols investigated were >65% although all the actual data is not reported.
Absorption decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The absorption rate was investigated in different solvents (squalene, castor oil, triethyl citrate (TEC). The percutaneous absorption rate of undiluted n-octanol was 50%, this was increased in squalene but decreased in castor oil or TEC. This was also reported with the other alcohols tested and the tendency was more pronounced at higher concentrations.
The degree of skin irritation was proportionally related to the degree of percutaneous absorption.
Description of key information
Alcohols, C16-18 has not bioaccumulation potential. In summary, Alcohols, C16-18 (CAS# 67762-27-0) is from the category of Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols).Long chained alcohols are generally highly efficiently metabolised and there is limited potential for retention or bioaccumulation for the parent alcohols and their biotransformation products.
From the available data and the data on the closely related substances it is concluded that it is unlikely that Alcohols, C16-18 causes genetic effects or has an effect on male or female fertility and has not bioaccumulation potential.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- no bioaccumulation potential
- Absorption rate - dermal (%):
- 1
Additional information
Alcohols, C16-18 is from the categoryof Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. The substance (C16-18 Alcohols CAS № 67762-27-0) comprises 100% linear (or unstated); <2% C14, >=90% C16 and 18 >5% C20
All of the alcohols would be expected to be stable in respect of abiotic degradation in water. Photo-oxidation in aqueous systems will not be significant.
Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. This substance has no hydrolysable structural features and would be expected to be stable in respect of hydrolysis. Alcohols have no hydrolysable groups and are therefore not susceptible to hydrolysis. Oxidation would not be expected under normal environmental conditions.
Bioaccumulation is considered to be low for Alcohols, C16-18 which is from the category of Long Chain aliphatic Alcohols, which are rapidly metabolised in higher organisms.
The estimated Log BCF of Alcohols, C16-18 is 2.74 (BCF = 544 L/kg wet-wt). This substance has a limited potential to bioaccumulate (based on log Kow used by BCF estimates: 6.73, and predicted bioconcentration factors, log BCF = 2.74 (EPIWIN/BCF Program).
A 96 hours, hexadecan-1-ol bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the Brachydanio rerio (new name: Danio rerio) species ranged from 500 to 1000 (Unilever,1996).
These experimental and estimated BCF values suggest that Alcohols, C16-18 has a low potential for bioaccumulation.
Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
The substance Alcohols, C16-18 (CAS# 67762-27-0) is from the category of Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols).Aliphatic alcohols are expected to be absorbed by all common routes of exposure. Based on comparative in vitro skin permeation data and dermal absorption studies in hairless mice, aliphatic alcohols show an inverse relationship between absorption potential and chain length with the shorter chain alcohols having a significant absorption potential (Iwataet al., 1987).
The initial step in the mammalian metabolism of primary alcohols is the oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid, with the corresponding aldehyde being a transient intermediate. These carboxylic acids are susceptible to further degradation via acyl-CoA intermediates by the mitochondrialb-oxidation process. This mechanism removes C2 units in a stepwise process and linear acids are more efficient in this process than the corresponding branched acids. In the case of unsaturated carboxylic acids, cleavage of C2-units continues until a double bond is reached. Since double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis-configuration, whereas the unsaturated acyl-CoA intermediates in theb-oxidation cycle are trans, an auxiliary enzyme, enoyl-CoA isomerase catalyses the shift from cis to trans. Thereafter,b-oxidation continues as with saturated carboxylic acids (WHO, 1999).
The acids formed from the longer chained aliphatic alcohols can also enter the lipid biosynthesis and may be incorporated in phospholipids and neutral lipids Mukherjeeet al. 1980). A small fraction of the aliphatic alcohols may be eliminated unchanged or as the glucuronide conjugate (Kamilet al., 1953).
Similar to the dermal absorption potential, it is expected that orally administered aliphatic alcohols also show a chain-length dependant potential for gastro-intestinal absorption, with shorter chain aliphatic alcohols having a higher absorption potential than longer chain alcohols.
A comparison of the linear and branched aliphatic alcohols shows a high degree of similarity in biotransformation. For both sub-categories the first step of the biotransformation consists of an oxidation of the alcohol to the corresponding carboxylic acids, followed by a stepwise elimination of C2 units in the mitochondrial β-oxidation process. The metabolic breakdown for both the linear and mono-branched alcohols is highly efficient and involves processes for both sub-groups of alcohols. The presence of a side chain does not terminate the β-oxidation process, however in some cases a single Carbon unit is removed before the C2 elimination can proceed.
In summary, Alcohols, C16-18(CAS# 67762-27-0) is from the category of Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols).Long chained alcohols are generally highly efficiently metabolised and there is limited potential for retention or bioaccumulation for the parent alcohols and their biotransformation products.
From the available data and the data on the closely related substances it is concluded that it is unlikely that Alcohols, C16-18 causes genetic effects or has an effect on male or female fertility and has not bioaccumulation potential.
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