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EC number: 233-020-5 | CAS number: 10022-31-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Guideline test, but conducted in a natural soil that promotes bioavailability of metal cations (e.g., Ba): relatively low pH , low organic matter, low cation exchange capacity, and high sand content.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 11268-2 (Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms. 2. Determination of Effects on Reproduction)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 21-d earthworm reproduction test, measuring adult survival and juvenile production.
Method was modified for use with natural soil having physical and chemical characteristics that support a relatively high level of metal bioavailability. Modifications included different soil hydration levels. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- no data provided
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- pH:
- control soil pH: 5.29
pH decreased with increasing substance-levels, but the decrease was less than 1 pH-unit - Moisture:
- according to guideline specification (100% of the water holding capacity)
- Details on test conditions:
- soil type: Sassafras sandy loam SSL (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult), collected from open grassland field; 71% sand, 18% silt, 11% caly, 1.2% organic matter, 4.3 cmol/kg CEC
- 7-9 test concentrations (not specified)
- 4 replicates/concentration
- no further details are provided
- soils were aged and weathered for 3 weeks - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 7-9 concentrations; exact nominal/measured levels not specified
measured range: 34 (control) - 3700 mg/kg - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 4-nitrophenol
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 348 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 585 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 258 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 433 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 370 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 230-510
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 664 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 558-770
- Details on results:
- Good overal agreement among nominal and measured concentrations was noted.
Ba-background in SSL soil was 34 mg/kg
Barium concentrations (in excess of background) in the experimental treatments ranged from 88 to 139%, and averaged 111% of nominal. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Toxicity data were analyzed using non-linear regression models. Variances of the residuals were examined to decide wether to weight the data and to select potential models. The logistic (Gompertz) model was used.
Analysis of variance was used to determine the bounded NOEC and LOEC for adult survival or reproduction data. Mean separations were determined using Fisher's least-significant-difference pairwise comparison tests. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A guideline study with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, using a natural soil, has been conducted with barium nitrate. NOEC, LOEC, EC20 and EC50 values - based on measured levels - are reported for survival and/or reproduction. Data can be used for the effects assessment of barium in the terrestrial compartment. Results of definitive tests produced bounded NOEC and LOEC values for adult survival of 1,348 and 1,585 mg Ba/kg soil dw,
respectively, for earthworms. The NOEC and LOEC values for reproduction were 258 and 433 mg Ba/kg soil dw, respectively. - Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Guideline test, but conducted in a natural soil that promotes bioavailability of metal cations (e.g., Ba): relatively low pH , low organic matter, low cation exchange capacity, and high sand content
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 16387: Soil quality: Effects of pollutants on Enchytaeidae (Enchytaeus sp.) - Determination of effects on reproduction and survival
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 28-d enchytraeid reproduction test, measuring adult survival and juvenile production of the potworm E. crypticus.
Method was modified for use with natural soil having physical and chemical characteristics that support a relatively high level of metal bioavailability. Modifications included different soil hydration levels and duration of the test (28d instead of 42d) due to the shorter generation time of E. crypticus compared to E. albidus. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Enchytraeus crypticus
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- no data provided
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 28 d
- pH:
- control soil pH: 5.29
pH decreased with increasing substance-levels, but the decrease was less than 1 pH-unit - Moisture:
- according to guideline specification (100% of the water holding capacity)
- Details on test conditions:
- SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- soil type: Sassafras sandy loam SSL (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult), collected from open grassland field; 71% sand, 18% silt, 11% caly, 1.2% organic matter, 4.3 cmol/kg CEC
- soils were aged and weathered for 3 weeks
TEST SYSTEM
- 7-9 test concentrations (not specified)
- 4 replicates/concentration
- no further details are provided - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 7-9 concentrations; exact nominal/measured levels not specified
measured range: 34 (control) -2110 mg/kg - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 4-nitrophenol
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 800 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 2 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 433 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 689 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 585 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 447-722
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 947 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Ba
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 830-1064
- Details on results:
- Good overal agreement among nominal and measured concentrations was noted.
Ba-background in SSL soil was 34 mg/kg.
Barium concentrations (in excess of background) in the experimental treatments ranged from 88 to 139%, and averaged 111% of nominal. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Toxicity data were analyzed using non-linear regression models. Variances of the residuals were examined to decide wether to weight the data and to select potential models. The logistic (Gompertz) model was used.
Analysis of variance was used to determine the bounded NOEC and LOEC for adult survival or reproduction data. Mean separations were determined using Fisher's least-significant-difference pairwise comparison tests. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A guideline study with the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus, using a natural soil, has been conducted with barium nitrate. NOEC, LOEC, EC20 and EC50 values - based on measured levels - are reported for survival and/or reproduction. Data can be used for the effects assessment of barium in the terrestrial compartment. Results of definitive tests produced bounded NOEC and LOEC values for adult survival of 1,800 and 2,000 mg Ba/kg soil dw, respectively, for enchytraeids. The NOEC and LOEC for reproduction were 433 and 689 mg Ba/kg soil dw, respectively.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
A guideline study with earthworm and potworm, using natural soil, has been conducted with barium nitrate (Kuperman et al., 2006). NOEC, LOEC, EC20 and EC50 values - based on measured levels - are reported for survival and/or reproduction. Data can be used for the effect assessment of barium in the terrestrial compartment. The key NOEC was a 21-d NOEC for reproduction of 258 mg Ba/kg soil dw obtained in the 21-d earthworm reproduction test. The data can be used for the effect assessment of barium in the terrestrial compartment.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil macroorganisms:
- 258 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
One key study was available to cover this endpoint (Kuperman et al., 2006). This study was designed to produce benchmark data for the development of Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) for Ba, Be, Mn and Sb for soil organisms.
A 28-d enchytraeid reproduction test, measuring adult survival and juvenile production by the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, and a 21-d earthworm reproduction test, measuring adult survival and juvenile production, were performed in this study.
The lowest NOEC and LOEC values obtained from these studies were a NOEC and LOEC for reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida of 258 and 433 mg Ba/kg soil dw, respectively, and a NOEC and LOEC for reproduction of the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus of 433 and 689 mg Ba/kg soil dw, respectively. The lowest NOEC can be considered as the key value.
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